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Thirteen coarse grains are observed in the Cu portion and are numbered 1-13. 2.2.
Inverse pole figure map showing the orientation of individual grains, and definition of numbers of individual grains.
Fig.6 shows the relation between the displacement amplitude at the specimen end Δδ1/2 and the number of cycles N.
Fig. 6 Relationship between the net displacement amplitude of cantilever and number of cycles in fatigue experiment.
Acknowledgement This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 21226005, 24686018 and 25000012.

The so-called fine grains were identified by grain sizes below 5 mm.
The corner of a grain in all these microstructures has been fixed with (┌), the relative movement of the dot and the cross indicates residual deformation The residual deformation was estimated as, (Eq.1) where Ddi and NT represent, the Dd value for the ‘ith’ grain and the total number of grains respectively.
(a)Percentage (%) retained martensite & austenite GAM (grain average misorientation) as a function of number of thermal cycles in sample D.
(b) Percentage (%) retained martensite & Average values of Dd (table1) ) as a function of number of thermal cycles in sample D.
These deformations were related to change in grain size Dd for a grain before and after the thermal cycle.

Grain growth modeling confirms the effect of particle alignment on the grain morphology and shows significant control of the particle distribution nature and the initial grain size on the grain anisotropy.
Oxide particles were found within the grains and along the grain boundaries.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 Annealing time at 1000°C (min) 10% 16% Fig. 2.
For the correlated distribution, particles were aligned in an arbitrary direction identified as the extrusion direction (Fig.4) using the following relationships )N(randomx = (3a) N/dpL ; )L(randomy = = (3b) where N is the total number of sites through one direction, x and y are site coordinates, dp is the distance between particle sites in the extrusion direction and L is the line number which was fixed in the present case to be 10.
Figure 6 depicts the effect of the initial grain size on the mean aspect ratio of the grains after grain growth.

High pressure torsion extrusion (HPT) under pressure in 6 GPa, with the number of revolutions n = 1 and n = 10 at room temperature, carried out on the installation « SKRUDZH-200».
Results and Discussion Table 2 presents the results of microhardness evaluation (HV0,05) and medium grain size (dL) samples of alloy D16 in the initial state, after HT (Т4, Т6), and HPT under pressure in 6 GPa with the number of revolutions n= 1 and n = 10.
Coarse grain α – solid solution, Fig.1,а were separated by dislocation walls, i.e. under HPT, the formation of small-angle sub-grain boundaries occurs within a single grain, as evidenced by the blurring of reflexes α – solid solution on electron diffraction patterns, Fig.1,b.
As can be seen from the table 3, with an increase in HPT revolutions, the number of intermetallic reflecting planes increased, which is probably due to their grinding, an increase in the number of possible orientations and an increase in the volume fraction of phase boundaries, as well as an increase of 1,3 times the hardness due to dispersion hardening (Table 2).
Scientific Reports. 2018, 8, Article number: 8454

The X-ray analysis [2] showed that the value of microstress weakly depends on number of cycles.
It is recognized that main role in fracture process [6] play dislocation structure, grain boundary precipitates and grains of δ-ferrite [7-8].
In some grains the deformation twins are found to be grouped.
However, there are some grains without twins, or their number is too small.
The microstructure of the steel becomes more complicated in grain interfaces.

Some important results are obtained: with the increasing of ageing time, the size of platelet shaped (known as Guinier-Preston (G-P) zones) precipitates and spherical shaped η' precipitates increased, the number of platelet shaped precipitates increased too, while the number of η' precipitates decreased; the precipitates with almost the same size distributed continuously and uniformly along the grain boundary with quite narrow precipitate free zones (PFZs) at 5 hours of ageing time, when the ageing time increases to 8 hours, the distribution of the precipitates along the grain boundary becomes discontinuous and the PFZs gets wider, while with the further increasing of the ageing time, the precipitates distributed continuously again along the grain boundary and the PFZs become more wider.
It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the number and size of platelet-shaped precipitates increase gradually with creep aging time.
Precipitates free zones (PFZs) at grain boundary are larger than Fig.1 (b) and the distribution of the precipitates along the grain boundary becomes continuous again.
The number of the second phase particles η' phases becomes fewer than the former.
Some important conclusions can be obtained as follows: (1) As ageing time increases from 5 h to 20 h, the number and size of platelet shaped precipitates increased, but the number of η′{TTP}8242 precipitates decreased at 120 ℃/ 250MPa. the precipitates with almost the same size distributed continuously and uniformly along the grain boundary with quite narrow precipitate free zones (PFZs) at 5 hours of ageing time, when the ageing time increases to 8 hours, the distribution of the precipitates along the grain boundary becomes discontinuous and the PFZs gets wider, while with the further increasing of the ageing time, the precipitates distributed continuously again along the grain boundary and the PFZs becomes more wider

Access depends on the number of grain of experience and estimation.
Vibrating wire pressure sensor is deployed in the bottom grain storage in advance, and then began to store grain silos.
Background calculates the weight of grain storage silos by the received data.
Access depends on the number of grain of experience and estimation.
Vibrating wire pressure sensor is deployed in the bottom grain storage in advance, and then began to store grain silos.

Young's modulus tends to decrease and Hall-Petch low fails to describe correlation between grain structure and hardness for submicro-grained and nanocrystalline iron.
Hall-Petch coefficient, ky, decreases as grain size decreases within submicro-grained and, then, nano grained sections and it takes even negative value in nano grained section modified by nitrogen.
Introduction Nano-crystalline materials with a large number of grain boundaries and triple junctions have been found exhibit interesting combination of physical and mechanical properties, making them of growing attention to researches employed in scientific and engineering applications.
According to "composite model" of Mughrabi [11] the former effect could be resulted from the large number of grain boundaries and, thus, increased volume fraction of the triple junctions for which mechanical properties are different from those of grain interior.
Young's modulus for nc α-Fe[N] increases when grain size is limited to less than 20 nm whereas the opposite is true for α-Fe[N] refined to larger grain size.

Properties like grain volume and porosity are useful in design and development of grain storage units.
Abbreviations used L Length of the grain, mm V Grain volume, mm3 W Width of the grain, mm S Grain surface area, mm2 T Thickness of the grain, mm Ra Aspect ratio of grain Dp Equivalent diameter of a spheroid having same volume as that of grain, mm Bulk density, g/cc Sphericity of grain True density, g/cc Porosity, % θ Angle of repose α Angle of friction umf Minimum fluidization velocity, m/s Materials and Methods The present investigation based on engineering properties of paddy which is mainly grown in the coastal climate of Odisha, India.
Figure 1 (Moisture measurement by handy data logging moisture meter) Physical Properties After randomly selecting number of paddy grains, their principal dimensions like length, width and thickness are measured with the help a digital venire calliper.
Paddy grains are longitudinal with two pointed ends.
This implied that grains are heavier than water.

Minimization of heat-affected zone size in welded ultra-fine grained steel under cooling by liquid nitrogen during laser welding Hideki Hamatani 1, a, Yasunobu Miyazaki1, b, Tadayuki Otani1, c and Shigeru Ohkita1, d Environmental Conscious Ultra-Fine-Grained Steel Consortium of JRCM (The Japan Research and Development Center of Metals) 1 Welding and Joining research center, Nippon Steel Corporation, Futtsu, Chiba, 293-8511, Japan a hamatani@re.nsc.co.jp Keywords: Laser welding, YAG, ultra-fine grained steel, heat-affected zone, softening, and liquid nitrogen Abstract Ultra-fine grained steel (UFGS) with an average grain size of less than 1µm has been developed and is expected to demonstrate superior properties.
The employed UFGS consists of Ferrite and Martensite with a grain size of around 1µm.
For this experiment, the occurrence of porosity was expressed as the number of blowholes/pits to a bead length of 100mm.
The Ferrite grain size at the softest position was almost the same with that at base metal, and microstructures of re-crystallized grain and non re-crystallized grain at both positions were, also, the same.
In the case of CO2 laser welding, when the laser had to pass through a liquid nitrogen layer, larges numbers of pit or blowhole were produced.