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A successful solution of this problem requires not only consideration of the existing experience of using corrosion-resistant steels but also clarification of a number of important theoretical and practical questions that have not received detailed coverage to date.
As the aging temperature of the hardened steel increases, a significant growth of the particles of the intermetallic phase is observed (Fig. 1, e, f), their number becomes smaller and the particle acquires a clear shape in the form of distorted cuboids (Fig. 1, f).
In austenite, there is a large number of microtwins, which means that the shear strain initiates local fine-scale twinning.
The effect of high shear deformations under P = 5Gpa and 8GPa, followed by aging at 500 ° C, 1 hour on the phase composition and hardness of steel Initial processing P, the value of the applied pressure [GPa] Number of revolutions HV0,05 Phase composition [%] BCC lattice BCC lattice Quenching from 1000 °С 5 0 405 74 26 5 600 82 18 8 0 505 78 22 5 950 ~100 Conclusions 1.
Ringer, Strength, grain refinement and solute nanostructures of an Al–Mg– Si alloy (AA6060) processed by high-pressure torsion, Acta Materialia, 63 (2014) 169-179

There are a number of papers showing advantages of the HPIB impact compared with other types of treatment [5-7].
The second mode of the treatment implied the relatively low ion current density (30 A/cm2) but the pulse number (n) was increased up to 100 and 500.
The alloying of the titanium samples with chromium atoms also occurs in the case of exposure to the HPIB with the ion current density of 30 A/cm2 at a large number of pulses.
In this case, by increasing the number of pulses from 100 to 500 there is an increase of chromium concentration from 4.4 to 7.8 at. %.
In this case dissolution of carbon into the lattice of the solid solution is less energetically favorable and carbon seems segregates in the grain boundary area, while reducing the dimensions themselves of the crystallites of the solid solution.

The number of features such as an amorphization and the existence of big pores near the epitaxial layer concomitant this method is discussed.
Introduction Commercialization of SiC semiconductor devices is still limited by quality of SiC crystals containing a great number of structural defects (dislocations, grain boundaries, blocks, etc.).
In addition, establishing the fundamental aspects of PSC formation is complicated by the fact that SiC contains a much greater number of structural defects compared with Si, and there is no way of avoiding their influence on the obtained results.
Knowing of the porous layer thickness h (determined with an electron microscope), porosity p (found by gravimetry), and def, the volume of a single pore and the number of pores per 1 cm2 of the PSC surface can be readily calculated.
Thus, raising the substrate doping level leads to formation of a much greater number of pores with smaller diameter.

This hardens the metal because the grains elongated.
Table 5 lists the fatigue limit σw, the ratio of the fatigue limit increase (σ*w%), the stress concentration factor, the residual stress and Vickers hardness number.
The precipitates with a certain size and number are the most effective for obstructing the movement of dislocation and for producing the maximum strengthening and hardness.
However, the numbers of crack initiation for them is different.
On the whole, the number of the cracks trends toward increasing with increase of compressive residual stress.

Surface studies in UHV require the use of large single grains (few mm at least).
Most CMAs have a non-congruent melting and the growth of single grains is not an easy task.
As a result, only a limited number of systems have been studied so far.
The number of surface studies on periodic CMA is more limited so far.
Moreover, no effect of surface orientation or grain boundaries on the final (saturated) state was evidenced when comparing single grain Al63Cu24Fe13 and hot isostatically pressed (multiple grain) Al66Cu22Fe12 samples.

Detail forensic study related to groundwater leakage detection requires lots number of drilling in order to obtain high accuracy layout of the profile investigated.
As reported by [12,13,14,15,16], soil resistivity value can be varied due to the variation of basic geotechnical properties such as moisture content, densities, void ratio, porosity and grain size fraction.
Table 1 2-D Electrical resistivity data acquisition setting No Spread line reference number Array Total survey length, m 1 105 – 109 Schlumberger 116 2 110 – 113 Schlumberger 120 3 117 – 114 Schlumberger 88 4 132 – 136 Schlumberger 160 5 200 – 121 Schlumberger 120 6 123 – 128 Schlumberger 120 Results and Discussions Localize layout of the individual 2-D resistivity lines was given in Fig. 2-7 while globalize layout of the study area was given in 3-D image at Fig. 9-13.
Electrical resistivity value can be influenced by several factors such as the concentration and type of ions in pore fluid and grain matrix of geomaterials via the process of electrolysis where the current was carried by ions at a comparatively slow rate [24].
Ahmad (2013): The influence of soil moisture content and grain size characteristics on its field electrical resistivity, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 18/D, 699-705

An overview of the x-ray diffraction characterization results of Ba0.6Sr0.4Fe11.5Al0.5O19/NiFe2O4 composites using GSAS software. wRp: 3.09, and χ2 : 1.317 Phase System SG Lattice parameters (Å) Fraction V r D a b c (%) (Å3) (g.cm-3) (10-9m) BaFe12O19 Hexagonal P 63/mmc 5.8765(6) 5.8765(6) 23.094(3) 12.01 690.6(2) 5.828 135 NiFe2O4 Cubic F d -3 m 8.3253(3) 8.3253(3) 8.3253(3) 87.99 577.04(7) 5.590 79 Figure 2 displays the surface morphology and grain shape of the Ba0.6Sr0.4Fe11.5Al0.5O19/NiFe2O4 composite sample as a result of SEM characterization.
The Maxwell-Wagner model assumes that the material structure comprises a grain phase that conducts more strongly than the grain boundaries at the interface. [47].
Acknowledgement Thank the Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, for funding this research under contract number 819/LL3/AL.04/2024, which was awarded by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education under contract number 030/LPPM-UPH/VI/2024.

The number of atomic exchanges stays nevertheless relatively low and k ~ 1.
Once the phase nuclei formed, their growth involves a sufficient number of local atomic jumps to be diffusion-controlled and to follow a parabolic growth versus time.
(a) side view of the volume, and (b) NiSi grains located at the Ni2Si/Si interface in top view.
For example, in the case of columnar grains with a square section fg = L2/(L+d)2 and fgb = 1 - L2/(L+d)2 with L the grain lateral size and d the GB lateral size.
Gas, Lattice and grain boundary self‐diffusion in Ni2Si: Comparison with thin‐film formation, J.

In domestic Chinese traditional medicine researches, there are a great number of them on medicinal materials authenticity identification and quality evaluation [1-4].
Material: 8 kinds of Radix Cynanchi Paniculati medicines from different locations Dry the sample in the oven, and then, grind them into fine and even powder with grain of 200 meshes.
Additionally, in order to get the reliable classification result, the sample number is normally 3 more than the number of characteristics, 10 is desirable.
Furthermore, differences in number may influence the stability of calculation.
In the table, number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 samples are respectively from: Guangdong, Beijing, Henan, Anhui, Shanxi, Hunan, medicine company and medicine market (7 and 8 are the samples with unknown locations).

The size of silica depends on the type of silicon alkoxide and alcohool, a large number of studies were conducted indicating that particles prepared in methanol solutions were the smallest [5].The main disadvantage of this method was the wide range of particle size distribution.
Infrared absorption spectra of samples were measured using infrared spectrometer (NICOLET 750), using KBr tablet method, test wave number ranged between 4000 and 400 cm-1.
Table 2 Orthogonal experiment table Sample numbers Concentration of silica-rich filtrate C[°Bé] Surfactant dosage ω[%] Reaction temperature T1[℃] Calcinations temperature T2[℃] NS-1 8.8 2.0 45 500 NS-2 8.8 5.0 60 600 NS-3 8.8 8.0 75 700 NS-4 11.9 2.0 60 700 NS-5 11.9 5.0 75 500 NS-6 11.9 8.0 45 600 NS-7 14.7 2.0 75 600 NS-8 14.7 5.0 45 700 NS-9 14.7 8.0 60 500 Fig.1 illustrated the morphology and particle size which were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) mentioned in Table 2.
This was because of the liquid medium produced a large number of micro-bubbles when the liquid dispersed by ultrasound, the release of energy to produce cavitations in the micro-bubbles formation and rupture process.
High temperature produced by cavitations and a large number of tiny bubbles on the surface of solid particles greatly weaken the surface free energy of small grains, inhibiting the nucleation agglomerate and larger.