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Fig. 2 shows the dependence of concentration difference variation CrCu CCC −=∆ upon the number of laser impulses N.
At E = 99 mJ, the increasing of pulse number up to 2160 does not result in Cu and Cr appearance at the Ni surface; at E = 132 mJ, the concentration difference ∆C makes on average 4% within the range up to 100 pulses, and then it increases to 10% at N = 1000 pulses.
Mean surface concentration of the diffusing component for the surface accumulation method can be defined by the equation , 2 exp1 2       ' ' −=− l tD L lK C bs δ δ (8) where −bD component diffusion coefficient; t - sample annealing time; l - thickness of material layer in which the diffusion is investigated; L - grain size; δ´ - thickness of the analyzable accumulation layer; δ - grain boundary width; K = Cb/Cs (where Cb is diffusant concentration in the analyzable layer, Cs is the diffusant concentration at drain surface).
Time t in these expressions is the product of t = τN (N -the number of pulses).
Redistribution of the film structure components is determined, first of all, by diffusion coefficient D and total time of laser annealing under the chosen radiation conditions (energy E, pulse duration τ, number of pulses N, Gaussian spot radius rr).

The solidified grain structure strongly depends on the thermal gradient (G) and cooling rate (R).
Location of SLM processing region on the G vs R map created by Bontha et al. [13] The width of the columnar grain in blown powder laser metal deposition process is found to increase with an increase in incident energy and decrease in traverse speed due to the decrease in the cooling rate [14, 15, 16].
This anisotropic behaviour is believed to arise from: (1) planar distribution of porosity and (2) preferred grain orientation of the columnar structure.
No significant difference in ultimate strength between vertically and horizontally built specimens was found, however, the yield strength and elongation were still lower in the vertical specimen, which is attributed to the preferred grain orientation of the columnar structure.
Additive manufacture is defined by a steriolithographic (STL) file that represents the component surface with a finite number of triangular facets.

Table 1: Tested IF samples and their mechanical properties (grain size, thickness, Rp0.2, Rm) and the date of processing of the coil.
The grain size has been determined by microscopic analysis.
Sample ID Steel Grade Grain size (ASTM) Thickness (mm) Rp02 (MPa) Rm (MPa) Date coil A IF 9.5 1.000 148 302 03jan2000 B IF 9 0.990 186 285 28feb2000 Figure 3: Stress induced anisotropy in Fe crystal for compressive and tensile stresses along the [001]-direction (left plot) and the [111] direction (right plot).
Numbers are not directly comparable to those of table 1, since they have been obtained with different methods.
Roughly 50% of the grains are oriented according to these directions.

A large number of engineering practices show that geosynthetics can effectively save engineering materials, reduce engineering costs, protect the environment, and achieve better economic and environmental benefits.
[2] Ran Wuping, Chen Huiming, Huang Jiangjun, Li Ling, Ai Xiangchen, Study of decay law of dynamic resilience modulus of coarse-grained soil subgrade in freeze-thaw cycle, Journal of Dalian Universtity of Technology. 61 (2021)180-188
Ai Xianchen, Study of decaylaw of dynamic resilience modulus of coarse-grained soil subgrade in freeze-thaw cycle, Journal of Dalian University of Technology.61(2021)180-188
[25] Chen Zhong-da, Chen Dong-gen, Chen Jian-bing, Dong Yuan-hong, Zhang Ke, Influence of Freezing- thawing Cycle on the Modulus of Resilience of Coarse-grain Fill with Different Water Contents, Journal of Zhengzhou University (Engineering Science).35(2014)9-13
[28] Zhao Wen, Wang Xiaojing, Xu Zhengxuan, Fu Wenli, Jiang Shiyin., Experimental study on natural evolution characteristics of coarse-grained soil slope in seasonal frozen soil region, Journal of Engineering Geology. 29(2021) 1497-1506

The samples sintered using the finer powders fractions (Fig. 5) showed spherical pores concentrated at the grain boundaries.
For the sample TiH2 <45 μm at 1300 ºC (Fig. 5), the pore migration was observed from the boundary to the interior of the grain, which is an unfavorable condition for the densification through diffusive processes.
The increase in temperature led to the increase in average grain size for all samples, which may cause a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties.
The coarsening of the mean pore size was also observed with the decreasing number of pores.
The sintered samples showed homogeneous microstructure of a grains and porosity tending to spherical decreasing with the reduction of particle size.

A large number of tiny bubbles arise during vibration under the action of molecular tension after an air entraining agent is added.
Free water in a large number of interconnected tiny channels in the mixture is released as well under the action of vibratory impulses, causing damage to the bonding force between aggregates.
These bubbles are wrapped in a thick water film; the bubbles in a stable form serve as grains of sand or water drops in concrete [7], decrease the content of free water in cement slurry, further increase the consistency of cement slurry and in turn increase the viscosity coefficient of air-entrained concrete after vibration.
Table 3 Rising heights of buoys during the experiment No. ① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧ ⑨ ⑩ YQ 10 14 13.5 11 10 8 6.5 6.5 9 14 PT 8 9.5 9 8 6.5 4 4 3.5 6.5 8 The air-entrained concrete pavement was numbered YQ.
Proportional to the yield stress and plastic viscosity of concrete respectively [13], T0 and N can be expressed as dimensionless number of yield stress and plastic viscosity.

The laser pulse has a number of features, including a complex effect on the surface layers of the material.
This is due to a number of reasons, for example, treatment is accompanied by a change in the structure of the material and as a result leads to the loss of unique properties [6-8].
The physical and mechanical parameters of the influence of laser radiation of various energies on the material’s surface are described in a number of works [13-15, 20, 21].
Here, during a plastic deformation, the rotational processes, boundary slippage, grain reversal and so on predominate.
The disappearance of cracks, reduction of their number, density, etc. [4-8, 20] indicates an increase in the viscosity of micro-destruction.

Surface studies in UHV require the use of large single grains (few mm at least).
Most CMAs have a non-congruent melting and the growth of single grains is not an easy task.
As a result, only a limited number of systems have been studied so far.
The number of surface studies on periodic CMA is more limited so far.
Moreover, no effect of surface orientation or grain boundaries on the final (saturated) state was evidenced when comparing single grain Al63Cu24Fe13 and hot isostatically pressed (multiple grain) Al66Cu22Fe12 samples.

Laminated templates electro-deposition (LTE) is a new manufacturing technique aimed at a highly precise and low-cost fabrication of metallic structures through a number of planar template-patterned depositing.
Since a number of planar depositing are performed in turn, the surface quality of one single depositing will determine whether the next round runs well and what level of precision the finish part can have.
Therefore metallic grains forming here enjoys a higher possibility to grow into protuberances and cluster-like crystal with big size at an over-increased growth rate[4].

A number of variables are investigated in order to determine how they affect the cavitation resistance of the welded joints, including mechanical attributes, welding parameters, and microstructural features.
FSW has a number of benefits, such as decreased distortion, enhanced mechanical qualities, and better microstructural features in the welded joints.
Retrieved from [URL] [8] Liu, M., & Zhang, S., Analysis of Microstructure and Grain Boundary Effects on Cavitation Resistance, Acta Materialia, 22(1) (2018) 89-104