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., can also be based on the intensity of the diffraction pattern and quantitatively determining the shape of the material content of the respective phases, grain size, degree of crystallization, the size of the micro and macro stress magnitude of stress and the like.
The surface of the heat-treated bituminous 1700℃ ~ 2200℃ appear worm-like extension of the basic structural unit having a large degree of orientation increased significantly, but there are still a large number of pits, the development of the crystal structure is not very complete.
heat treatment temperature in 2400℃；a7：SEM of the bitumite under heat treatment temperature in 2600℃；b1：SEM of the anthracite；b2：SEM of the anthracite under heat treatment temperature in 1400℃；b3：SEM of the anthracite under heat treatment temperature in 1700℃；b4：SEM of the anthracite under heat treatment temperature in 2000℃；b5：SEM of the anthracite under heat treatment temperature in 2200℃；b6：SEM of the anthracite under heat treatment temperature in 2400℃；b7：SEM of the anthracite under heat treatment temperature in 2600℃) As can be seen from Figure 3b2 ~ Figure 3b7, when the heat treatment temperature increased from 1400℃ to 2600℃ during the more obvious changes in morphology anthracite, anthracite outer heat-treated 1400℃ ~ 1700℃ entire large particle surface becomes relatively smooth surface formation of a more fine fused defects and the formation of more small filamentous crystallites. 1700℃ ~ 2200℃ heat-treated anthracite large particles beginstraight smooth surface, reducing the number
of particles of microcrystalline, orientation increased significantly, began to develop grow, forming irregular graphite crystals. 2200℃ ~ 2600℃ heat-treated grain anthracite graphitization further development grew, and tends to complete, and significantly reduce crystal defects, grain thickness was thinner, forming an ideal flat graphite crystal.

A diverse number of factors can significantly influence the soil resistance and must be taken into cognizance when designing a grounding system.
A number of investigations have dealt with the effects of different soil factors on soil resistivity for efficient performance of a grounding system.
The determination of the particle size of soil particle having a diameter greater than 0.075 mm is usually done via sieve analysis while for soil grain with diameter smaller than 0.075 mm, hydrometer analysis is employed [32, 35].
Despite the common deployment of sieve analysis, other techniques such as weaved wire sieve with square openings are usually called upon for the determination of grain sizes in finer soil [32, 35].
The cylinders are then left undisturbed for about 30 minutes; Step III: The grain size was then measured by using the hydrometer readings taken after 2 hours interval for the determination of clay, sand and silt proportions in the soil samples; Step IV: The proportion of clay, sand and silt in the soil samples was then traced on the textural triangle chart to determine the ST class.

As a new type of detector material, the CdZnTe (CZT) crystal has the advantages such as a wide energy gap, a large average atomic number, the strong ability to stop X- ray and high resistivity.
It shows that there are dislocation and grain boundary defects near the interface, which may be due to the mechanical polishing on the CZT surface.

Microstructures of Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr (TNTZ) aged at temperatures between 573 and 723 K after solution treatment at 1063 K have super fine omega phase, or� both super fine alpha and omega phases, respectively in beta phase with an average grain diameter of 20 µm.
Stress-fatigue life (the number of cycles to failure) curves, that is, S-N curves, obtained from plain fatigue tests on cold-rolled and forged Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr (TNTZ), and forged Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al (Ti1553) S-N curves of cold-rolled and forged Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr, and forged Ti15Mo-5Zr-3Al conducted with various heat treatments obtained from plain fatigue tests.
Maximum cyclic stress㧘�max / MPa Number of cycles to failure㧘Nf 105 106 107 104 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 : ST (CRP) and ST (FB) : ST (CRP) + 673K, 259.2ks : ST (CRP) + 573K, 259.2ks : ST (CRP) + 598K, 259.2ks : ST (FB) + 723K, 172.8 ks : Annealing (FB) Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al : ST (CRP) and ST (FB) : ST (CRP) + 673K, 259.2ks : ST (CRP) + 573K, 259.2ks : ST (CRP) + 598K, 259.2ks : ST (FB) + 723K, 172.8 ks : Annealing (FB) Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al Fig. 1 Low cycle fatigue life region High cycle fatigue life region Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) conducted with various heat treatments in air are shown in Fig. 1.
Hasegawa, Tensile Properties and Cyto-toxicity of New Biomedical � Type Titanium alloys, Tetsu-to-Hgane, 86(2000), p40 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 104 Maximum cyclic stress, �max / MPa S-N curve of forged Ti-29Nb-13Ta4.6Zr conducted with ST obtained from plain and fretting fatigue tests in air and Ringer’s solution. 105 106 107 Number of cycles to failure, Nf Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr: ST (FB) Solid symbol: in air Open symbol: in Ringer’ solution Fig. 4 : Fretting fatigue : Plain fatigue Low cycle fatigue life region High cycle fatigue life region 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 104 Maximum cyclic stress, �max / MPa S-N curve of forged Ti-29Nb-13Ta4.6Zr conducted with ST obtained from plain and fretting fatigue tests in air and Ringer’s solution. 105 106 107 Number of cycles to failure, Nf Ti-29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr: ST (FB) Solid symbol: in air Open symbol: in Ringer’ solution Fig. 4 : Fretting fatigue : Plain fatigue Low cycle fatigue life region
High cycle fatigue life region Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) [5] M.

Early in sixties it was recognized also that inelastic strain energy might be used to characterize the energy dissipated in material in a load cycle as a measure of current damage and the total energy absorbed by the onset of material failure which was assumed a material structure constant, regardless the intensity of cyclic loading and number of cycles to failure, criterion for fatigue failure [6, 7], etc.
The range of endurances of the design S-N curves is limited from the left side by the number of cycles prior to failure equal to, which approximately corresponds to the stress amplitude (nominal!)
Relating the current number of load reversal, n, to the number of cycles by the material failure, N, the non-dimensional definition of the load cycle number can be applied, n/N = d.
Given the critical value of inelastic strain energy related to failure of material, criterion of failure, , the number of load reversals (two times the number of cycles), fatigue life, N, can be found taking also into account for the energy dissipation in a material element attributed to effects of fabrication procedures: (5) In the case of irregular loading the energy dissipated in every load excursion can be estimated following the service loading succession (recorded or simulated).
The energy absorption results in the early formation of roughness (intrusions and extrusions) on the free surface, in the accumulation of bundles of dislocations at inclusions and grain boundaries, and in the development of sub-microscopic cracks in the grains with favorably oriented slip-planes.

The more anisotropic structures are formed, the larger their size, the denser the contact between the "grains" of the structure – the lower electrical resistivity.
Grinding destroys the material macrostructure, the structural connections between the "grains", which spoils information about the structural transformations depth.
Secondly, the coke structural elements packing density affects the intensity and number of contacts between them (area of internal interaction surfaces).
Fourth, an increase in the coke micro- and macro-structural elements size leads to a decrease in the internal transition contacts number arranged in series, and in the jet structures case, the contacts number arranged in parallel increases.
That is, this coke properties determining method shows the organized and unorganized carbon structures ratio in coke taking into account to these structures number and size.

Introduction Light water nuclear reactor designs are reliant on pressure vessels constructed from a number of large, thick-sectioned steel forgings, all of which are considered safety critical components.
Cp=mstandardmsample×DSCsample-DSCbaseDSCStandard-DSCBase×CpStandard (2) Values of Cpeff were also calculated by the thermodynamic computer software using the same chemical composition as the DSC sample and a heating/cooling rate of 20oC/min.A grain size is also required to perform the calculation, based on the experimental work of Pous-Romero et al.[18] this was estimated to be 15 microns.
The microstructural dependency of mechanical properties has been demonstrated in a number of characterisation studies [26,27] and the formation of ferrite, as a result of low cooling rates from austenitisation temperatures, has been attributed to poor impact toughness properties [28,29].
Further investigations that changed the sample chemistry to contain maximum amounts of the ferrite forming chemical elements Si, Cr, Mo and Al showed that the thermodynamic software failed to predict the ferrite formation for this SA508-3 with a grain size of 15 microns · Comparing the simulated cooling curves against production thermocouple data demonstrated that when using Cpeff values calculated by the thermodynamic software it was possible to replicate the data with reasonable agreement, although the latent heat effects during the bainite transformation are overestimated.
Bhadeshia, Austenite grain growth in a nuclear pressure vessel steel, Mater.

However, in comparison to mono-Si, mc-Si wafers contain a higher density of crystalline defects, like dislocations and grain boundaries, and a higher concentration of metallic impurities.
(a) (b) Fig. 3: (a) Total Fe concentration measured by ICP-MS along the height of several mc-Si ingots grown from intentionally Fe-contaminated melt and along one non-contaminated ingot (black diamonds) [6, 9, 44]; (b) number of Fe atoms per precipitate measured by µ-XRF along the 53 and 200 ppmw ingot from [6] (adapted from [15]); each data point represents one precipitate measured.
The number of Fe atoms/precipitate of all detected precipitates is plotted in Fig. 3(b) as a function of ingot height.
(a) As-grown (b) After standard PDG (c) After PDG and firing Fig. 4: µ-XRF maps along a grain boundary in three mc-Si sister wafers from the top of the intentionally 53 ppmw Fe-contaminated ingot showing the presence of FeSi2 precipitates of similar size and density at different steps in the solar cell process; pixel size is 200 x 200 nm (adapted from [15]).
Warta, Spatially resolved modeling of the combined effect of dislocations and grain boundaries on minority carrier lifetime in multicrystalline silicon, J.

In mixtures with low water content, the hydration of the binder will occur not only due to free unbound mixing water, but in the future, as it is consumed, and due to water adsorbed by the filler grains.
This is primarily due to the chemical interaction of monoammonium phosphate with calcium binder and calcium carbonate filler, leading to the formation of screening phase films hydrated neoplasms and filler grains particles of sparingly soluble dicalcium phosphate dihydrate CaHPO4·2H2O (brushite) on the surface [11].
It should also be noted that the formation of these films on the surface of the gypsum binder grains in the initial period of hardening significantly slows down hydration, which is a positive technological factor in the formation of products from mixtures with low water-gypsum ratios.
When sludge and monoammonium phosphate are introduced into the composition of the gypsum molding mixture, the total porosity decreases in the structure of the compacted material and the number of closed pores increases, which positively affects its water resistance.
The studies have shown that the water resistance of the extruded products based on air binders, estimated by the value of the softening coefficient, depends on the type and the number of added additives, the water-solid ratio and the pressure value, and for magnesian cement, also on the concentration of bischofite.

Kramer & Rizkallah [4] highlights soil properties such as shape of particles, surface texture, grain shape, grain size, grain size distribution, water content and others also influencing the shear strength of soils.
The number of the hidden layers, usually less than 2.
Both sets of models with different number of datasets but have same splits of training (60%), validation (20%) and testing (20%) datasets are tested.