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The subsequent cyclic behaviors of the pre-strained materials are greatly affected.
The effect of pre-strain on material properties in many aspects (mechanical characteristics [1], cyclic hardening/softening [2], ratcheting [3], microstructure [4], crack initiation [5], fatigue properties [6]) of materials has been widely investigated.
For robust simulation of ratcheting strain in our cases, the aforementioned factors should be considered in the constitutive rules.
Lee, Effect of pre-straining on low-temperature mechanical behavior of AISI 304L, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 543 (2012) 50-57

Various materials, components and equipment such as high-frequency generators, modulators, inductors, various mechanical equipment, etc are used for the development of microwave technologies.
Accumulated practical experience has proved that required properties of the surface strengthened by microwave hardening can be achieved only in case of strict compliance with the given technological processing requirements, first of all, a gap between the surface being strengthened and the inductor [7, 8].
The magnetic field creates the most favorable conditions for ensuring the desired trajectory of the movement of the item relative to the inductor comparing to the mechanical spring-roller device.
Besides, the device with a magnetic head provides numerous additional advantages: the procedure for setting up the technological equipment is greatly simplified; constancy of the main technological parameters of the hardening mode and high quality stability of the surface hardened layer are ensured; independence of strengthening results from the influence of subjective factors.
In order to study the obtained properties and microstructure of the turbine blade, samples (steel 15H11MF) were made at different distances from the top of the blade.

Mostly these both factors (dimension and grain size) consider together for deep understanding.
All the models [5] directly added dimensions factors like T and D to conventional constitutive model to fit their experimental data.
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Material Copper Copper Copper Thickness 50 μm 50 μm 50 μm Time 5 min 10 min 20 min Temperature 700 700 700 Microstructure Average grain size 19 μm 31 μm 40 μm T/D 2.6 1.6 1.3 Fig. 1. 3D laser scanning microscope. 2.2 Micro tensile test The micro tensile tests were performed to investigate the mechanical properties of the prepared specimen, which are equipped with different T/D ratios.
To express the fraction of inner portion to the complete material area the size factor Ƞ is employed.
Yang, Experimental studies of the size effect affected microscale plastic deformation in micro upsetting process, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 534 (2012), 374-383

Wood is also orthotropic in mechanical and physical properties; the properties vary lengthwise, as well as in radial and tangential directions.
Working methodologies and strength properties of different types of adhesives for different uses had to be worked out.
In solid wood, the variation in properties is associated with its cellular and non-homogeneous structure.
Although the strength of wood poles for power transmission could be worked out from the basic mechanical properties of the concerned species, a need was felt to test actual poles because of the existence of knots in the wood and non-uniformity in the taper of such poles.
Discussions and recommendations It is well known that innovations are key factors for economic growth.

From the study, it was found that the addition of microwave absorber had significant effects on the yields and properties of the final products.
The value for all three parameters has only a slightly different and shows for acidic properties of bio oil.
Some factors might affect the chemical composition of bio-oil such as biomass feedstock type, pyrolysis parameters (residence time, pressure, temperature, gaseous environment heating rate), pre-treatment process, and also condensation and vapour filtration (condensing method and medium, filter type, cooling rate).
As a result, the fuel properties of different bio-oils usually vary in wide ranges.
Generally, pH analysis has shown for acidic properties of bio oil produced.

Table 1 outlines the material properties of the AlMgSi05 alloy specimen.
Table 2 outlines the material properties of the 2024-T3 aluminium alloy.
Fig. 11 Spatially discretized model of the beam In the numerical study constant material properties of low carbon steel and the Von-Mises material model were used.
Table 3 outlines the material properties of the cantilever.
Physical properties of crystals: Their representation by tensors and matrices.

Xu 1 1College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China aaql0916@tom.com Keywords: Cryogenic pneumatic mist jet impinging, High-speed milling, Milling temperature, Titanium alloy Abstract.
Introduction Titanium alloys are more and more widely used in aerospace industry because of their superior mechanical properties, heat resistance and corrosion resistance.
These high temperatures greatly accelerate tool wear and lead to a poor tool life [1]. (2) Maintaining their high mechanical strength even at high temperature results in a stubborn cutting resistance at higher cutting speeds. (3) Superior mechanical strength leads to small tool-chip contact area, which causes a highly concentrated stress and heat generation on the tool nose. (4) Strong chemical reactivity with most tool materials at higher cutting temperature may easily cause tool failure.
But milling temperature is an important factor that affects the machining efficiency of Titanium alloys.
As shown in Fig.5, cutting speed is an important factor that influences the flank wear.

Various factors should be considered to obtain a proper design of the bike, especially on the frame, because it is an essential part of bicycles.
Material properties that used for analyze also varying they are AZ61 [24], Al6061 [24,27], steel [25], composite laminate [28].
Material properties of aluminum 6061 [29].
Properties Metric Unit Modulus Young (E) 68.9 GPa Poison’s ratio (n) 0.30 - Density 2.700 kg/m3 Yield Stress 276 MPa Bike manufactured.
This vertical loading condition represented by twice the weight of the driver due to the G factor.

What has been studied on welded hollow spherical joint[2] indicates that the properties under 3-D load are similar with under one-way load and bearing capacity is mainly determined under one-way load.
In order to describe nonlinear properties of load-displacement curve, the loads of the joint are applied by controlling the values of displacement.
Consequently the above properties obtained by studying on the cast steel spherical joint under tension are suit for the joint under compression too.
According to the above definition, the influencing factors on bearing capacity of cast steel spherical joint subjected to tensile force are the same with those of joint subjected to compressive force.
The effect of diameter of cast steel tube on bearing capacity The outer diameter of cast steel tube affects bearing capacity greatly.

Introduction Grain-oriented electrical steel is an important magnetically soft material for transformer cores due to its excellent magnetic properties.
In the production process of GOES, there are many important factors that affect the resulting magnetic properties, the progress of secondary recrystallization and the associated sharpness of the Goss texture.
One of these factors is the use of inhibitors to supress normal grain growth after primary recrystallization and thus to provide the driving force for secondary recrystallization [4 - 7].
Specimens for LM and SEM analyses were prepared by mechanical grinding, polishing and etching.
CZ.02.2.69/0.0/19_073/0016945 within the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education, under project DGS/TEAM/2020-026 “Study of phase transformations in cast strips GOES”, the projects of Student Grant Competition SP2022/33 “Study of the relationship between the microstructure and properties of progressive technical materials, degradation mechanisms and behaviour of progressive technical materials in different operating conditions” and SP2022/68 “Specific research in the metallurgical, materials and process engineering”.