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The structures of the ceramics were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy.
The crystal structure of BTO characterized by three perovskite-like unit cells sandwiched between two (Bi2O2)2+ layers along the c-axis.
In order to examine the differences in structure in the pure and doped BTO, subtle XRD patterns of 2θ near 12° were given.
According to the defect chemistry model, acceptor doping is expected to increase the concentration of alignable defect dipoles, whereas donor doping leads to the opposite [28, 29].
The influence of La3+ doped at A site, V5+ doped at B site, and La3+ and V5+ co-doped on the crystal structures and electrical properties of BTO ceramics was investigated.

The α5β1 integrin is a specific cell surface receptor for fibronectin that can be found in different adhesion structures [17], and has been implicated in the regulation of differentiation of various cell types, such as precursor cell osteogenic differentiation [18, 19].
Discussion We used in vitro polyacrylamide system as an analogue of the ECM since it has several attractive properties: its elastic modulus can be adjusted precisely by varying the concentrations of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide [24]; its elasticity can be tuned within the physiologically relevant regime from several hundred pascals (brain) to thousands of kilopascals (arties) [24]; altering the mechanical properties does not change the surface chemistry properties [24, 25]; the gel’s porosity makes the flow of medium possible, providing a more natural environment than do conventional culture models, such as glass or plastic substrates [26]; adhesive proteins that are covalently attached to the gel’s surface are primary ligands for cell attachment because nonspecific binding of proteins are negligible [27].
Janmey, Effects of substrate stiffness on cell morphology, cytoskeletal structure, and adhesion, Cell Motil Cytoskel. 60(2005) 24-34
Putnam, The use of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels to investigate the impact of ECM chemistry and mechanics on smooth muscle cells, Biomaterials. 27(2006) 4881-4893
Alexander, Substrate induced differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells on hydrogels with modified surface chemistry and controlled modulus, Soft Matter. 7(2011) 6501-6514

All combustion products were friable, and had a spongy porous structure with porosity of up to 70 %.
Qualitative phase analysis revealed that the BaTiO3 has tetragonal 4mm phase structure.
All as-synthesized ferrites powders were friable and had a spongy porous structure (porosity of 60-70 %).
Scherer, Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing, Boston: Academic Press, (1990). 5.
Barrer, Hydrothermal Chemistry of Zeolites.

The structure of the final films was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns.
HRTEM images obtained with energy filtering at 10 eV, show metallic silver - silver oxide core-shell structures (Fig. 8).
The contributions of silver coresilver oxide shell structures play an important role on the optical properties of the films.
Garcia-Macedo: Materials Chemistry and Physics 91 (2005) 88
Mulvaney, Coordination Chemistry Reviews 249(2005)1870

Temperature-sensitive biological materials serve the purpose of intelligent regulation in their morphology and structure in response to the change in environmental temperature.
Other nanomaterials that are sensitive to infrared and near-infrared light have been developed, but long-wavelength light will cause the temperature to increase, thereby affecting the structure and function of the material.
pH-sensitive materials generally contain groups that are sensitive to H+, and will change their structure and properties with changes in response to the external pH.
Yang, SiO@CuS nanotubes for photo/chemodynamic and photo-thermal dual-mode synergistic therapy under 808 nm laser irradiation, Journal of materials chemistry.
Xing, A pH-sensitive zwitterionic iron complex probe with high biocompatibility for tumor-specific magnetic resonance imaging, Chemistry – A European Journal, 25 (2019) 8353-8362

White regions in the micrographs represent primary structure.
Gray edgewise areas represent primary structure.
In fact, many of researches indicated that the structure of [Ni -Al-Fe] is similarity to the one of intermetallic compound such as NiAl and FeAl, which show ordered body-centered cubic lattice at room-temperature.
Jónsson, in: Theoretical Methods in Condencsed Phase Chemistry, edited by S.D.
Schwartz, volume 5 of Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, chapter, 10, Kluwer Academic Publishers (2000)

Here modification of the UV-absorption provides means to locally engineer the refractive index for fabricating planar waveguide structures.
Photochromic In general, a material is called photochromic when the structure changes under the effect of sunlight or laser exposure.
Vogel, "Glass Chemistry", Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1994
Gong, J. of Solid State Chemistry 180 (2007) 135
Savikin Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry, 77 (2004) 1245, Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 77 (2004) 1262

The contribution of defects to the specific resistance depends on their type, concentration and structure [5].
There were detected the spherical dispersed Cr particles in the annealed alloy structure.
The alloy structure also contained the slightly deformed particles of the secondary phase and the alloying Cr atoms.
Alekseyev (Eds.), Structure and mechanical properties of metals, Metallurgy, Moscow, 1967, pp. 85-111 (in Russian)
Ivanov, The formation of point defects in Ni under the influence of giant laser pulses, Physics and Chemistry of Material Processing, 4 (1971) 163-165 (in Russian).

The carbon atoms bound by single bonds form a zig-zag structure.
Solid n-alkanes show a lamellar structure, resembling smectic crystals.
Slow relaxation is typical for mixed structures, in neat ones the transformation runs fast.
The effects related to long term relaxation in binary mixed structures are also worth to mention.
Byakov, in: Principles and Applications of Positron and Positronium Chemistry, Eds.

In order to increase the effectiveness of remediation on oil-contaminated soil, culture techniques and molecular biological methods were adopted to analyze community structure enriched and domesticated by different ways.
In this paper, the effects of microbe quantity, variety and structure enriched and domesticated by different culture medium ware considered and discussed.
Therefore, microorganism had a faster growth rate in inorganic salts oil medium. ① ② Microbial Consortium Structure Analysis.
However, there were some differences in both consortium diversity and structure.
Chemistry & Bioengineering.