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The number of defects developing in each step will affect the magnetic behavior.
This phenomenon might be supported by XRD data, which shows the broad feature of the peak indicating a smaller grain size.
The smaller grain size allows the formation of random magnetic domains so that saturation magnetization increases.

The Cr phases on the grain boundary are difficult to dissolve in the matrix and tend to get together and spheroidized during the homogenization, since the Cr content of the alloy is in excess of the equilibrium solubility.
The higher the temperature, the larger the Cr phase on the grain boundary.
It is interesting to note that a large number of Cr precipitates are evenly distributed in the matrix and the eutectic structures are pinned by some Cr precipitates during the homogenization treatment, as shown in Fig. 4 (a).

Number of quarries is changing every year, depending on an economic situation and possibilities of quarrying.
The structureof sandstone is formed by grains (with different dimensions and shapes) and by a binder.
Table 1 Material characterization Attribute Colour Quarry Grain Stratigraphy S1 quartzose, calcareous, micaceous bluish grey Bzová irregularly Svodnice S2 quartzose, siliceous white Krákorka irregularly Bohdašín S3 quartzose, slightly siliceous, glauconitic greenish yellow Libná irregularly Korycany S4 quartzose, siliceous, feldspathic ochre Božanov medium Jizera S5 quartzose, siliceous, glauconitic greenish grey Záměl medium Korycany S6 quartzose, slightly siliceous greyish white MšenéLázně irregularly Korycany Experimental methods Basic physical properties.

The addition of Si to TiN coatings transforms the [111] oriented columnar structure into a dense finely grained structure, and thin films of Ti-Si-N have been deposited by physical vapor deposition to improve the wear resistance of TiN coatings [7].
Furthermore, the hardness of the AlCrSiWN coating film is higher than that of the AlCrN at temperatures below 700 degrees Celsius [9], and the addition of Si leads to grain refinement and significantly affects the phase composition and the mechanical properties owing to the formation of amorphous Si3N4 [10] and [11].
Acknowledgment This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 24560149 (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)).

Table 4 Grain size distribution of aggregates [mass%] Sieve size[mm] <0.16 0.16 0.315 0.63 1.25 2.5 5.0 10 16 19 26.5 Fine 100.0 98.8 91.2 64.6 35.8 17.8 7.0 Coarse 99.6 99.5 97.9 58.9 21.9 0.0 High-range water-reducing admixture.
Table 5 presents the details of 10 different concrete mixture proportions, here the plain concrete (Number 1, Sign O) without mineral admixture was acted as reference concrete.
Table 6 Properties of fresh concrete Number Sign Slump[mm] Density[kgm-3] air content [%] 1 O 212 2400 1.24 2 A1B2 215 2390 0.95 3 A2B1 223 2380 0.97 4 A3 212 2380 0.94 5 B3 225 2370 0.95 6 A2B2 223 2370 0.78 7 A1B3 215 2380 0.80 8 A3B1 217 2380 0.76 9 A4 230 2375 0.75 10 B4 232 2390 0.81 Strength of concrete specimens.
Table 7 Strength of concrete specimens Number Sign Flexure strength[MPa] Split tension strength[MPa] 7d 28d 90d 28d 1 O 4.35 5.87 6.19 2.70 2 A1B2 4.76 5.77 6.76 2.72 3 A2B1 4.33 5.29 5.89 2.89 4 A3 3.59 5.52 7.13 3.14 5 B3 4.92 6.39 7.19 3.78 6 A2B2 4.69 6.72 7.86 2.82 7 A1B3 4.74 6.41 7.38 3.53 8 A3B1 3.85 5.70 6.05 2.81 9 A4 3.50 4.98 6.24 3.33 10 B4 4.96 6.88 7.44 3.26 Flexure strength of concrete.
The cement dispersing mechanism makes available more cement grain surfaces to be accessible for the water, thus, early hydration is more complete [1,7].

Literature Review FSW produces a dynamically recrystallized grain structure in the nugget, which has reached near-solutionizing temperatures, before being "quenched" by the surrounding material back to room temperature at the completion of the weld.
PWAA can also be used to modify the distribution of precipitates in the final joint to influence strength and corrosion properties, and has been demonstrated to be beneficial for a number of alloy and temper combinations.
In addition, the propensity for abnormal grain growth, reported by many researchers in the nugget and TMAZ, discourages the use of solution heat treatment following FSW as a primary mode of improving its resistance to corrosion.
The two PWAA treatments performed comparably to or better than the parent material in FCP for both crack length vs. number of cycles and da/dN vs.
No. of Cycles Al-7075-T73 (0.125" thick) 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 1.50 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Number of Cycles Crack Length (in) 7075-T73_100 hrs@225F 7075_325_2hrs 7075_325_4Hrs 7075-Parent-01 7075-Parent-02 7075-Parent-03 Naturally Aged da/dN vs.

D= kλβcosθ (4) where D is the grain size of the crystal, λ is the wavelength of X-ray radiation (nm), K is the Scherer constant (0.9), β is FWHM (radians), and θ is the Bragg angle (radians).
C-S-H gel hydrates the permanent cement of C3S by filling the spaces between the tricalcium grains.
This is because CuONP can reduce the number of nano-sized pores in C-S-H while also strengthening the microstructure of the MTA/CuO cement composite.
The wave number at 1026 cm-1 is the Si-O-Cu absorption peak derived from the shift in the SiO2 absorption peak [30].
Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, Republic of Indonesia, through a grant of Regular Fundamental Research (PFR), contract number 3152/UN1/DITLIT/DitLit/PT.01.03/2023 for financial support.

Lomonodov observed twinning in steel ferrite grains in the depth of the material for more than 0.5mm below the surface after a laser pulse [3].
In 2008 the ultra-compact LPwC system (1.5m long and 30kg) was developed; this represents a significant milestone versus versatility, accessibility as well as reliability due to smaller number of parts reducing the operational and maintenance cost of the system.
Although the fatigue initiation resistance of an integral structure is considerably increased because the reduction of the number of fasteners (i.e. stress concentration points) the fail safe and damage tolerance behavior is reduced.
Large number of tests was carried out in Oxford University where a biaxial fretting fatigue test rig was developed for this specific configuration [36].
Kuroki, “Laser processing for reducing core loss of grain oriented silicon steel”, J. of Applied Physics, Vol. 53 (1982), 2410

This will limit the number of suppliers and set focus on manufacturing method rather than an overall reliable system including the mechanical components and their joining.
In general one would expect higher yield-strength and higher tensile strength for forged components due to the reduced grain size [4] .
The FCC-structure is known for having a less steep increase in yield strength with decreasing grain size [6].
The number of tensile specimens was 21 for the “A”-series, and 7 for each of the other series in both bar dimensions.
The gasket ring dimensions were adopted from ASME B16.20 standard [18] and are valid for a groove number of R24.

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) A, E0 δvc, δvt hj E90 Aeq δh nh G Bi t Ksf,i nsf,i δnsx,i δnsy,i p Kp-f np cross section and Young modulus parallel to grain of studs; vertical displacements at the two opposite ends of the shear wall due to the compression of the base timber joist and to the deformation of the hold-down connections subjected to tension, respectively; depth of the cross section of the base joist; Young modulus perpendicular to grain of the base timber joist; stud equivalent cross section; vertical displacement of a single hold-down connection stressed by a unitary vertical force; number of hold-down subjected to tension; sheathing shear modulus; width of the i-th segment of the shear wall; global thickness of the sheathing; stiffness of the single base shear connection; number of base shear connections in the i-th segment; horizontal displacement due to the deformation of nails between sheathing and
The various displacement contributions may be evaluated through the following relationships: (9) with (10) (11) with (12) (13) nn,h Kser,h1 Es l2 l3 l4 l5 l7 s ϕk ns Lh4 Lh5, Ah5 number of nails in the hold down; slip modulus per shear plane per fastener (if a wooden-based panel is interposed between the hold-down and the timber studs, it is necessary to consider both the slip modulus of the steel-to-panel connection and that of the panel-to-frame, by summing them in parallel); Young modulus of the steel; distance of the first nail row from the base; distance of the first nail row from the ribs weld; the distance of the first nail row from ribs; hold-down width; distance between the axis of the threaded rod and the vertical plate of the hold down; hold-down thickness; hole diameter at hold-down base; number of overlapping steel sheets forming the hold-down base; equivalent length of the hold-down