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From these properties, PEEK has been already in clinical use as orthopedic implants such as artificial intervertebral discs.
For implant materials, apatite-forming ability is one of the key factor to achieve sufficient bone-bonding ability [2].
Although PEEK has good mechanical properties for implants, it does not have apatite-forming ability.
Therefore, patients need their own bone to compensate for the lack of bioactivity, hence it is important to develop the material which has both good mechanical properties and bioactivity for less invasive surgery.
In addition, it is speculated that significant increase of sulfo groups shown in Fig. 5 also affected to the improvement of hydrophilicity.

Mg ion inclusion increased the scaffold porosity and encouraged bone-like apatite layer formation, antibacterial activity, and improved mechanical properties. [46] fabricated 3D-printed scaffolds of Mg-HAp in PLA composite. 3D porous structure with a well-defined morphology efficient for transportation of nutrients and semi-crystalline structure after doping were observed with improved inhibition of active microbial growth, and good biocompatibility suitable surface for protein adsorption. [47] looked at a study to improve the mechanical properties as well as integrate antibacterial properties without affecting the biocompatibility of HAp-based scaffolds for advanced tissue engineering applications.
Metal oxide substitutes of MgO and ZnO have been employed as a dopant in HAp to improve its properties due to their biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, biodegradability, bioresorption, non-toxicity at low composition, bioactivity, and capability of releasing Mg and Zn ions as growth factors, and beneficial minerals in human metabolism.
This could affect and benefit the overall shape and properties of the composite, including enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation, reduced weight, increased strength and stiffness, mechanical properties, and degradation rate.
Study of physico-mechanical and electrical properties of cerium doped hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications.
Physico-mechanical properties of Mg and Ag-doped hydroxyapatite/chitosan biocomposites.

In the machining process, tool and workpiece don’t directly contact so that there is no mechanical stress at all, moreover, the process is not limited by the material’s cutting properties, thus alleviates the difficult problem of machining titanium alloy and can realize its fine machining of micro holes [4].
However, the tool wear in EDM directly affects the machining precision and efficiency.
Table 1 shows the comparison of physical properties of copper and TC4.
The different material properties are the root reason for this phenomenon besides the TC4 attracts more energy on the anode.
Considering the influence factors above, the comparable results of the hole depth and electrode wear of the experiment and the simulation are obtained and shown in Fig. 7.

D.Abramsin the design of the composition of concrete with water-cement ratio rule, the article puts forward concrete that compressive strength of plastic concrete completely under the control of the water-cement ratio, and has nothing to do with other factors [2].
(1) Cement:Cement 42.5 R Zhong Xing P.O.The cement properties as shown in table 1 Table 1 Cement performance tables Cement grade Cumulative percentage retained（%） Standard thick water（%） Initial setting time（min） Final settling time（min) P.O42.5R 2.6 28.75 65 115 (2) Iron ore milltailings:Hebei xingtai iron ore ,s milltaillings
Proportion of filling body (1) For ordinary concrete, concrete strength grade and water cement ratio is the main factor that determine the strength of concrete; same backfilling filling body can be thought of strength of concrete is mainly determined by the cement strength grade and water-cement ratio.
The rock mechanics basic tutorial[M].Beijing:Mechanical industry press,2010,18-26 [5] Qi-xingHUANG, Jia-sen GONG.
Characteristic of Iron Ore Tail and the Affects on Concrete Mixing Content[J].Research & Explore,2010,28（2）:71-76

This alloy has already been used in studies of new ways to develop alloys for AM, since small additions of Al and C lead to big variations of mechanical properties [18].
Methods and Materials The laser-based AM processes LPBF and EHLA and their important process characteristics including process parameters with regard to resulting microstructures and mechanical properties are presented in this section.
That would lead to different chemical compositions and therefore different microstructure evolution and material properties.
Walther, Comparison of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Scalmalloy® Produced by Selective Laser Melting and Laser Metal Deposition, Materials (Basel, Switzerland) (2017, Volume 11), p
Schleifenbaum, Formation Quality, Mechanical Properties, and Processing Behavior of Pure Zinc Parts Produced by Laser-Based Manufacturing for Biodegradable Implants, BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte (2019, Volume 164), p. 133 [29] C.Y.

Other advantages can be their low weight due to relatively low density, thermal and electrical insulating properties, corrosion resistance or in some cases good optical properties.
These polymers have the properties that predispose them for various applications in the medical field.
Its properties and production indicate that PLA plastic belongs to the world´s most produced bioplastics.
The measured values show that the material deforms after the production due to several factors.
Molnár, Návrh a výroba vybraného objektu pri zachovaní jeho funkčných a mechanických vlastností (Design and production of selected component with preserving its functional and mechanical properties), Master´s thesis, Slovak University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, 2016

The comparison of buckling heights considers two influence factors: the size within and the shape of the specimen for that very reason delivers the different trend as in the case of the bifurcation point.
As discussed in Section 2, Eq. 6 gives information about the three factors that can influence the critical wrinkling state, namely: strains in the plane, the deflection of buckling areas and the boundary conditions.
A smaller contribution of this downward movement energy for the specimen with a large curved radius provides a higher accuracy for predicting the properties of the Yoshida buckling specimen using the DMV theory.
Properties such as the bifurcation point, the strain path, the bending moment, the buckling height and the section profile distribution of each section are computed and analyzed.
The simulation results indicate that a specimen with a smaller size shows preferable properties in the test (Table 2).

In the wiredrawing process, other factors such as the geometry of the drawing die, the tribology system (soap, emulsion) that defines the coefficient of friction at the wire/die interface, the speed of the process and the temperature, must be controlled to obtain a quality wire with no surface defects that could clog the metallization gun.
Thus and due to all these properties, for very pure Zn, the recrystallization could occur when cold deformed at room temperature or, what is the same, pure Zn self-anneals spontaneously during cold deformation [13].
Considering all these factors, the drawing stress (σd) in any drawing stage of a multi-stage draft sequence has been defined by the Equation (3).
On another way, the strain hardening behavior of Zinc has been modeled by a law that considers the true strain rate (ε) affected by the deformation speed (v).
Mechanical Metallurgy.

Introduction Perovskite-type oxides are extensively studied for their good chemical and mechanical properties in atmosphere containing hydrogen and/or water vapor at elevated temperatures.
Cerate-zirconate oxides are among of being proposed since they possess high conductivity as well as chemical and mechanical stability.
Considering the advantages of WCMs and SC fluids properties, an approach towards the combination of both synthesis routes was adopted in this work.
Another factor that may affect the particle size of samples is calcination process.
Contributing factors such as supersaturation, nucleation and growth rate in SC synthesis after undergone SG method may altered the particle morphology which result in secondary powders as previously showed in Table 1 [19].

In ultrasonic cutting devices, blade excitation is provided by a piezoelectric transducer, which converts an oscillating electrical signal into mechanical vibration.
The fracture of bone is of interest in the fields of orthopaedics and biomechanics and many studies have investigated the fracture properties of bone [5].
The bone specimens were assumed to be isotropic and the mechanical properties were determined from experiments and previously published data [7].
The critical loads, PC, for longitudinal and transverse specimens, and the associated critical stress intensity factors, K1C, used to identify that the crack would propagate, were also determined from a previous experimental investigation [7].
Previous research into the design of ultrasonic cutting blades has shown that altering the location of the longitudinal node, via blade reprofiling, affects the magnitude of the stress in stepped profile blades [4].