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Guo et al. [4] have observed that scattering in DSSC is influenced by the size and concentration of scattering particles and the structure of the photoanode layer.
Dutta, Study of light scattering from randomly oriented submicron TiO 2 structures for photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical catalysis applications , J.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(28), 12615–12615. 2009.

Design of Electrical Sheet Resistance of Thin Film Measurement System based on GM Cryocooler in Cryogenic Temperature Zhen Geng1,2,a, Yemao Han1,b*, Zhengrong Zhou1,3,c*, Haoying Qi1,2,d, Yuchen Zhao1,2,e, Haojian Su1,2,f, Rongjin Huang1,2,g, Laifeng Li1,2,h 1Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.
Measuring resistivity offers valuable insights into the electronic structures and transport mechanisms [3, 4].
The system eliminates the need for cryogens and achieves a compact structure.

Therefore, it can be elucidated that pre-heating the substrates result in films with a defined crystalline structure that show better photoactivity.
AFM results show better surface roughness with the defined structure of NPs for the pre-heated substrate.
Parkin, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A : Chemistry Titanium dioxide and composite metal / metal oxide titania thin films on glass : A comparative study of photocatalytic activity, 204 (2009) 183–190

Morphological and Characterization Analysis of PCL/Estradiol Electrospun Membrane for Bone Regeneration Application DIDA FAADIHILAH Khrisna1,a, NORHIDAYU Muhamad Zain2,b, NURIZZATI Mohd Daud1,c, FAIZUAN Abdullah3,d, NIK AHMAD NIZAM Nik Malik4,e, SYAFIQAH Saidin1,5,f,* 1Department of Biomedical Engineering & Health Sciences, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia. 2Academy of Islamic Civilization, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia 3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia. 4Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific & Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia. 5IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Institute of Human Centered Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
Electrospinning is a widely used technique that utilizes electric charge to create micro- and nanofibrous structures from various polymers.
The electrospun membranes exhibited a smooth, continuous and bead-free structure.

Effects of Concentration and Temperature on Rheological Properties of Mixture of HPMC and CMC Solutions Qing-yong Li1, Jun Ye1, Jian Xiong2,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China 2School of Light Chemistry and Food Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China Corresponding author: lcjxiong@scut.edu.cn Keywords: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Carboxymethyl cellulose, Shear rate, Non-Newtonian index n Abstract.
In recent years, several studies have shown that a useful approach for obtaining aqueous dispersions with appropriate rheological properties for industrial applications is to use polymers, taking advantage of the formation of interpolymer structures [3,4].
And it is known that macromolecules in solution often interact with each other, resulting in excluded volumes and ordered structures through the formation of interpolymer complexes [5,6].

Improvement on the Catalytic Performance using Dual Lipases System in the Synthesis of Ferulate Esters Salina Mat Radzi1, a, Nurul Jannah Abd Rahman1, b, Hanina Mohd Noor2, c and Norlelawati Ariffin2, d 1Industrial Chemistry Technology Program, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia 2Food Biotechnology Program, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 71800 Nilai, Malaysia asalina@usim.edu.my, bnjannah_ar@yahoo.com, chanina@usim.edu.my, dnorlela@usim.edu.my Keywords: Ferulate esters, transesterification, ethyl ferulate, olive oil, dual lipase system.
Due to the poor solubility of ferulic acid in hydrophobic media which can restrict its application, modification of its properties have been done to produce esters of ferulic acid (ferulate esters) which have more lipophilic structures.
However, excess heat may cause enzyme denaturation due to the alteration of its tertiary and quaternary structure.

Determination of a proper pretreatment time is needed, as the target to be achieved is the breakdown of the lignin structure.
Once the structure of lignin is broken, then the pretreatment process must be stopped and the process of hydrolysis continued.
Effect of Biological Pretreatment of Water Hyacinth on Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Bioethanol Production, Asian Journal of Chemistry, 26(20):6727-6732, http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/1jchem.2014.16596 [6] J.

Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA 3Department of Chemistry, Centre for Foundation Studies, National Defence University Malaysia (NDUM), Kem Sg.
From the images it is clear that the resulting microfibrils cellulose fibers size is reduced and the rod-like structures become smoother and have order rearrangement of linkages.
[5] Deepa, B., Abraham, E., Cherian, B.M., Bismarck, A., Blaker, J.J., Pothan, L.A., Leao, A.L., Souza, S.F., & Kottaisamy, M. (2011), Structure, morphology and thermal charactristics of banana fibers obtained by steam explosion.

Cell structures using subjective or objective methods.
However, the Dough Rheology is quite important to the quality of the final products, it shoulds to be done more research on the quantity description of its mechanical and physical behaviors, the relationship between the Dough Rheology and the structure components, clarification of the correlation between Rheology parameters and baking quality, so as to provide theoretical support for improving the processing and quantity of baked goods.
Holst: Cereal Chemistry Vol. 73 (1996), P. 478-82 [9] S.P.

Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) of Cellulose from lignocelllulise for 2nd Bioethanol Production: A Review Yuxiao Wang1, a, Xiaochen Bian1,b ,Linlin Zhou1,c 1Xuzhou Biofuel Engineering Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou Institute of Technology awangyuxiao@xzit.edu.cn, b 495353080@qq.com, c821432835@qq.com Keywords: Lignocellulosic Material, Cellulose, SSF, Bioethanol Production, Challenge Abstract.
The cellulose crystalline decreases and the amorphous structure increasing after pretreatment.
During adsorption cellulase will pass through complex structure whose main composition is hemicellulose and lignin [20].