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Note that the initial number of grains are 50 in all cases, and the results for Ks > 3.0 were mostly the same as that shown in Fig. 3 (e), because the grain separation, i.e. increase in the number of grains, never occurs in this model.
(a) Grain distribution (b) Variation of grain number Fig. 4.
Effect of the initial number of grains and the size of calculation domatin on the steady state grain size.
identification numbers, large-number grains depicted in yellow-red color show decaying tendency, and vanish at last, as shown in Fig. 5 (a).
On the other hand, when the small-number grains are weighed, large-number grains survive, as shown in Fig. 5 (c).

Although a number of authors studied the influence of crystallography on GBF nucleation [2-7], it seems to be far from thorough understanding.
The occupancy fraction of these corners was ~55% although the number is too few to draw a definite conclusion.
A considerable number of precipitates at corners were in contact with a coherent twin boundary, as shown in Fig. 3.
Because it was difficult to determine which side of the twin was actually in contact with the other three grains and the number of possible combinations of grains forming a grain boundary increased rapidly, these corners were classified as h) in the table.
1.9/7.6 6.6/9.8 one P6 c 12.4, 38.4, 11.2, 33.1, 3.6, 31.9 4.1, 1.2, 27.6 1.5 6.6/1.7, 1.9/3.6 34.7/25.6 4.4/1.5 two U1 a 44.7, 56.9, 49.9, 54.8, 53.9, 23.5 three* U2 a 25.3, 54.0, 32.4, 48.3, 56.7, 28.5 one* U3 a 56.5, 44.0, 49.9 33.4, 57.3, 37.9 two* U4 a 36.7, 45.4, 48.0, 36.8, 57.1, 49.8 one* U5 b 50.0, 7.3, 53.9, 53.9, 50.2, 52.8 two* * These are the numbers of grains having the OR with the precipitate, if a hypothetical precipitate had the OR with one grain.

Concerning grain growth, the statistical model is based on the assumption of [10]: · Super-position of average grain curvatures in individual grain boundaries; · Homogeneous surroundings of the grains.
The integration of all the above assumptions in the model leads to the following final form of the grain growth rate equation: dRidt= Mj1Rj-1Rinj4πRj2jnj4πRj2 (1) Where Ri [cm] and Rj [cm] are the radius of grain belonging to class i and j and nj and nj are the total numbers of grains in class i and j.
The effect of reduction rate has been exploited maintaining the temperature constant at 1100°C and varying the cold reduction rate jointly to the dislocation density (Δρ) and the initial numbers of deformation nuclei (N) measured by means of X ray diffraction analysis.
The amount of strain affects also the recrystallization rate because the strain modifies the amount of stored energy and the number of effective nuclei.
Four temperatures, ranging from 700°C to 1100°C, have been simulated for AISI 304 steel grade while, at the same time, cold reduction rate (90%), dislocation density Δρ and the number of nuclei N were maintained constant.

Although many studies have been conducted in recent years to analyze the grain flow, the analyses and applications of grain flow with roughness effects are still insufficient.
Thus, the authors [4-5] derived an average lubrication equation for grain flow between two rough surfaces and then discussed grain-grain collision elasticity ranging from perfectly elastic to perfectly inelastic.
He treated individual grains as the molecules of a granular fluid.
The Peklenik number is simplified as an isotropic (i.e. ).
The flow factors, expressed as functions of surface characteristics (roughness orientations, Peklenik numbers and standard derivation) and particle size, contribute to the modification of volume flow rate and surface roughness effects.

The elongation slightly decreases with the number of the ARB cycles, regardless of the stacking layer number.
knln 3 2 �� � � �� � � =� (1) Here, n is the number of ARB cycles, and k is the stacking number.
Optical observation revealed that it shows recrystallized microstructure with mean grain diameter of 37µm.
This is considered to be due to the difference in the grain size.
The elongation slightly decreases with the number of the ARB cycles, regardless of the stacking layer number

After solving the quantity problem of grain, the quality of grain becomes more and more serious.
Because of the complexity and wide application of the grain, it will be a long-term process to establish a scientific evaluation of quality index for grain, achieve rapid detection of grain quality, utilize and pricing grain according to end-use functionality of grain.
NIR technology is routinely used to determine the protein content of wheat to allow breeders to screen large numbers of lines for this key feature from early generation breeder samples [4].
The breeder can screen large numbers of anticipated varieties “identify” quality according to targeted customer preference.
Grain testing at mill intake is a crucial quality control step for grain processing.

The phenomena of grain boundary diffusion and grain boundary segregation play major roles in determining the properties and behavior of a wide variety of materials.
Even though the basic principles have been known for a long time, the field continues to yield a number of very challenging questions.

Under this condition, the two low energy grain boundaries replace the high energy grain boundary and the grain with the low energy grain boundaries grows by penetrating into the high energy grain boundary.
If a grain has an inward grain boundary curvature, the grain grows in the direction to flatten the curvature.
It can be said that the low Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 mobility boundary has a strong pinning effect on the high mobility boundary through the kinetic coupling at the triple junction.
These trapped grains are called island grains.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 5 On the other hand, MC simulation shows that island grains are easily formed by solid-state wetting [7].

The size of grains at the top and bottom of the rolled plate converged to 0.65µm, while that of grains at the center of the plate increased with the number of ARB cycles.
The size of grains at locations of NT and NB ranges from 0.7µm to 0.8µm and remains more or less unchanged with the ARB cycle number.
However, the grain size at the NC position varied a lot with the cycle number.
The grain size increased continuously from 0.56µm to 1µm as the cycle number increased from 3 to 6.
However, the size of grains at the center of the processed plate increased with the cycle number.

Variation in the distributions of the number of face, Nf, for individual grains of the simulated microstructures at different time step is shown in Fig.4.
The average face number with time.
The average face number approaches to a constant value of about 13.7 in the isotopic system [11, 12].
Variation in the relation between the average number of faces of neighbor of N-face grain, m(Nf) and the face number, Nf at different time step in simulations with two texture component A and B of different initial volume fraction (fA0=0.97, fB0=0.03) and a mobility ratio of 1:5.
Pinning force in 3-d is much smaller than that in 2-d [18] 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 20 40 60 80 Number of faces per grain (Nf) m (N f)xN f t=100 t=800 t=1000Dislocation density near grain boundary is also major factor also considered to be related to the grain boundary mobility.