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Active materials are a group of solid-state materials whose geometric shape can be related to an energy input in the form of heat, light, electric field, or magnetic field.
In the application of active materials to electromechanical energy conversion, electrical energy may be input to the material and the resulting deformation of the material can be used to move a load.
The most common active materials used in actuators are piezoelectrics, magnetostrictives, and SMAs.
Introduction The mechanical actuation capability of piezoelectric material is similar to that of magnetostrictive materials, but the mechanism by which it is achieved is different.
Piezoelectric materials exhibit an inverse piezoelectric effect where by an applied electric field induces polarization and, in turn, strains in the material.

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The sewage sludge imposed environment pollutions for containing toxic and deleterious materials such as pathogen, parasite, heavy metals, etc, and emitting offensive odor.
The gas and oil separated from the liquid fraction could be used as fuels or chemical feedback, the solid fraction could be used as construction materials , road surfacing, or cheap adsorbents of suitable pollutants.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by National 973 project of China (2011CB201501), Supported by Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC (51161140330), Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NKSCX2-EW-G-1-5), and The Program of Guangdong Province - Chinese Academy of sciences strategic cooperation (2010A090100035).
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Materials and experimental apparatus To provide three kinds of food raw materials, which consist of flour, water and mug bean that are mixed in certain proportion.
At the same time, these measurements are used to estimate the parameters’ rheological materials.
Material（1） Material（2） Material（3） a Three types of confectionery materials Material（1+2） Material（2+3） Material（1+3） b A hierarchical object compression from the top surface Material（1+2） Material（2+3） c A hierarchical object compression from the center of top surface Figure 1.
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The similar thermal property is observed for the four materials.
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Some perovskite materials do not belong to either of the two groups e.g., mgcni3, which has neither oxygen nor halide component [3].
Experimental Part Materials Fig. 1: (a) Crystal structure of perovskite materials ABX3, which shows the BX6 octahedral and A-site cation placed in the cub-octahedral interstices.
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