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Mustapha2,d 1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Department of Aerospace Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
However, the thin-web components are tending to deflect and deform during machining under the cutting forces and low-rigidity of these components [1-3] and seriously affect their machining accuracy and surface quality which persuaded to surface dimensional errors [3,4].
There are also other factors that can cause machining errors such as cutting heats, clamping forces and residual stress [5, 6].
It is required to perform High Speed Machining (HSM) in order to remove the large number of materials due to the mechanical properties of the thin-web structure.
This is due to several factors such as the elements removal of the workpiece are symmetric which are the element number 1, 2 and 3 are symmetric with element number 4,5 and 6.

Parameters Considered for Simulation The force exerted during the bending process depends upon the material properties, geometrical parameters and process parameters.
The material properties were kept as constant as per Table 1, for all roller configurations.
(b) Blank segment with dimension Table 1 Material properties considered for simulation Material Yield Strength (MPa) Strength Coefficient (K) (MPa) Strain hardening exponent (n) IS2062 E300 FE 440 300 695 0.207 For the cylindrical shell the plate may be of rectangular plate.
Table 2 Different levels of factors considered for simulation Levels Thickness (t) (mm) Inclination of top roller (α) Inclination of bottom Roller (β) 1 8 0º 0º 2 10 0.74º 1.86º 3 12 1.48º 3.71º Surface to surface contact were defined between the rigid and deformable body and coefficient of friction for each simulation is kept as 0.3.
Thus this equation so obtained could be used to determine the Fs and Fd for the range of t, β and α as per Table 2 and for given material properties

For these processes no heat affected zone is occurring and barely intermetallic phases can be observed [6].
Therefore a correction factor can be calculated on base of the acoustic impedance of the different layers of the sensor.
Bias ID 132636 dy dz dx sensor shockwave y x z z y x laserbeam Fig. 4: Measurement conditions To guarantee of the aluminum rods surface is not affecting the measurement, the surface is refurbished every 50 shots by a turning process.
With decreasing material thicknesses the standard deviation of the material properties is increasing [1].
Proc. 1353, American Institute of Physics, ISBN: 978-0-7354-0911-8, p. 1309-1312 [16] Hintz, G. (1997) Untersuchung der Druckerzeugung und der Strahl-Stoff-Wechselwirkung an einem Excimerlaser-System für die Schockbehandlung von Metallen, Dissertation, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg [17] Eisner, K. (1998) Prozeßtechnologische Grundlagen zur Schockverfestigung von metallischen Werkstoffen mit einem kommerziellen Excimerlaser, Dissertation, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg [18] Wielage, H., Vollertsen, F. (2012) Difficulties and prevention methods in mechanical and non-mechanical micro drawing with high work piece velocities, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on New Forming Technology (INCFT), Harbin, China, Aug. 26-28, 2012, Eds.: S.J.

It contains high calcium oxide and iron oxide resulting in a fast setting property.
It is likely to affect the strength resulting from the longer setting time, the lower strength at the early age.
XRD analysis showed the amorphous phase and the unreacted kaolinite and other crystalline phases that affected the compressive strength.
Barnett, Factor influencing the compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer, Construction and Building Materials 110 (2016) 355-368
Kumar, Synthesis of fly ash-calcined clay geopolymers: Reactivity, mechanical strength and microstructure characteristics, Construction and Building Materials 125 (2016) 450-457

The focus of the analysis is determining the effect of environmental factors such as temperature, pressure and relative humidity on the static electric field during the harmattan season.
The plots of the electrostatic field against the variation of the environmental factors were used as the qualitative analytical tools and yielded a non-linear relationship.
The study was conducted between February 2007-February 2009 at the Thermodynamics Laboratory of the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, where room for adequate consideration of the electrodynamic properties of the fields under consideration could be explored.
The co-environmental factors to harmattan-temperature, pressure and relative humidity were also measured with a thermometer, barometer and hygrometer (dry and wet) respectively.
The non-linear relationship between the electrostatic field and the co-environmental factors can be seen from the three-dimensional plots.

Comparsion of Machining Stability of Up and Down Milling Te-Ching Hsiao 1, a and J-J.Junz Wang 2,b 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan R.O.C.
In this model, the elementary cutting function, which represents the trajectory of cutting force for a certain local cutting edge, plays an important role in affecting machining stability of the different cutting configurations.
As shown in Eq.(17), Pxx and Pyy are the important factors that affect the stability of the one-dimension milling system.
Pa and Pb are key factors affecting the stability of this symmetric two-dimension milling system.
In these analyses, the elementary cutting function plays an important role of affecting machining stability for different cutting configurations, and this function with positive and negative value will lead to totally different chatter features.

Textile properties are given in Table 1.
For the determination of these mechanical properties, mortar prisms were taken from the same batch used for the TRM overlays’ construction and were cured next to the shear bond specimens under the same conditions.
[18] EN 13934:1999, Textiles – Tensile properties of fabrics, Brussels, 1999
Li, Improved mechanical properties of textile reinforced concrete thin plate, J.
[21] Donnini J, Corinaldesi V, Nanni A, Mechanical properties of FRCM using carbon fabrics with different coating treatments.

DC servo torque motor has advantages like fast response, low speed, large torque, coarse mechanical properties, as well as good linearity, it can be used in the case of low speed and even long-term work in the circumstance of plugging turn, and therefore it is suitable for 2D turntable control system.
Considerate factors refered above comprehensively, calculations of the continuous motor torque and speed was made in the paper according to the Eq. 1 and formula Eq. 2
Considered all the factors above, it chose IGBT as big power controlled switch tube in the paper.
In fact limit position so called is a kind of protection for motors; it is well known that once the program run out, then the motor will not be affected by the program, likely runs at a high speed.
Due to the mechanical structure’s limit, the limited range of motor rotation is from negative 90 degrees to positive 90 degrees, when the motor moves to the limited position, collision is unavoidable, thus we need design a kind of hardware limitation way to avoid accidents, that is, set two hall sensors at the position of negative 80 degrees and positive 80 degrees to sense limited switching signals.

Geomembrane material is a continuous, soft, thin impermeable material, compared with other impermeable material, impervious significant effect, the ability to adapt to deformation, light weight, and less transportation and less corrosion resistance can be strong convenient construction, short construction period, low construction cost, long service life The Choice of Composite Geomembrane Material Many different types of composite geomembrane material selected to meet the engineering requirements for the principle, that is, according to the size of the project, geological and hydrological conditions, construction, technical level and other factors to be taken into account.
Consider to inhibit weed growth factors, is generally used in a dark plastic film thickness 0.18 ~ 0.22mm, large channels are advised to use a thickness of 0.3 ~ 0.6mm, dark plastic film, The preferred polyethylene film, polyethylene film more than the PVC membrane to adapt to low temperature, in cold regions.
In recent years, the emergence of several new types of composite geomembrane material, the traditional physical and mechanical properties of the membrane material has been greatly improved New composite geosynthetics GCL (Geo-synthetic Clay,, Liner,) is evolved on the basis of the compaction of clay liners CCL (Compacted Clay Liner).
Channel bottom width and catchy wide edge release, pay attention to the construction of reserve about 30cm of the soil for manual excavation and clear base, to avoid mechanical Excavation Drainage base of undisturbed soil.
The construction of the protective layer directly affect its stability and channel seepage control, and protective layer materials can be selected earth material can also be used to rigid materials.

The chapter also deals with the relative merits or pros and cons of the massive and large scale installation of machinery to produce electricity from some of the noteworthy renewable energy resources, such as, wind, water and sun, which is affecting the local environment or natural habitats, flora and fauna; overall influence on the delicate balance of the ecosystem.
A wind turbine is equipped with suitable machinery to generate utilizable energy by converting the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy and mechanical energy into electricity.
Here, the factor ‘D’ is a variable.
The main advantages of marine current power are (1) High load factors due to the huge magnitude of the ocean currents as well as fluid properties, (2) Predictability, (3) Large resources of the untapped energy, (4) Little or no environmental impact unless there is a migration of ocean creatures in the currents, and (5) saving lands.
· Geothermal plant construction and related infrastructure have also been discovered to destabilize the lands and adversely affecting the soil quality.