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It has a set of various parameters which can be grouped as: (a) topography parameters such as surface roughness, textures and waviness (b) mechanical parameters such as residual stresses and hardness, and (c) metallurgical state such as microstructure, phase transformation, grain size and shape, inclusions etc.
The vertical motion of the tracer is amplified electrically and is impressed on a recorder to draw the profile of the surface or is fed into an averaging meter to give a number representing the surface roughness.
A considerable number of studies have been conducted to measure surface roughness by using optical-type measurement.
During the past years, researchers have developed a number of methods for measuring residual stresses in different types of components.
X-diffraction technique is applicable to materials that are crystalline and fine grained.

The semi-empirical model to determine the size-dependent melting temperature is described as: Tm= To ( 1- N2n ) (6) where Tm, melting point of nano-size particles; To, bulk melting point; N, the number of surface atoms in solid; n, the total number of atom of the .
Results and Discussion Different thermodynamics and mathematical models have been reported to produce melting temperature of grain size materials.In the present study, melting temperature of the aluminum, silver, gold and lead have been calculated as a function of the grain size of these elements with the help of i) Liquid drop model (LDM), ii) Gibbs Thomson equation and iii) Surface phonon instabilitymodel(SPI).
Values of total numbers of atoms, n; number of surface atoms, N; and their fraction, N/n has been calculated using mathematical relations included in respective tables from table3 and is taken from the literature [35].
No Shape of Nanoalloys No of surface atoms to total number of atoms (N/n) N/2n % (30nm) (25nm) (20nm) (15nm) (10nm) (5nm) (2nm) 1.
No Shape of Nanoalloys No of surface atoms to total number of atoms N/2n % (30nm) (25nm) (20nm) (15nm) (10nm) (5nm) (2nm) 1.

(a) (b) (c) Fig. 2 Nafion117 membrane（180μm thickness）is coarsened by sandpaper with grain size P1200, (a)Roughness along, (b)Roughness across, (c)Roughness along and across Ion-exchange.
Through the above steps, the matrix membrane has adsorbed a large number of platinum ions so as to significantly increase the stiffness of membrane.
With the addition of NaBH4 and the rose temperature, the color of basement membrane turn light brown from clear and yield large number of small bubbles absorbed on the surface, and the film turns to silver-white when the NaBH4 solution drops more than four times.

Especially, CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 (CMAS) systems made it possible to obtain glass-ceramic, where a diopside phase provided a main, and often single, crystalline phase that depending on fine- or coarse-grained structure could control hardness and wear-resistance of materials [3,4].
Since the growth of crystals occurred in the transient number of nuclei, the activation energy Ea, was determined by the modified Kissinger method respecting the crystallization mechanism according to the following formula [7]: (1) where: n – Avrami parameter connected with a crystallization mechanism, m – represents dimension of crystal.
As a result of phase transitions, distributions of metastable Na2CaSi3O8 and olivine phases, and an increase in the number of vitreous phases, the conditions for forming gahnite, for which the activation energy was determined as Ea=379kJ/mol, were facilitated.

It can be seen that as the reheating temperature decreases, the hardness and strength increases but the elongation changes little, which indicates that rolling with cooling is favorite for refining grains and improving the mechanical properties of products.
Acknowledgement: This project is supported by Shanghai Metallurgical Technology and Equipment Detection Service Platform（Project Number: 09DZ2292800） and Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project( Project Number: J51504) References [1] Sven-Erik,Lundbeng.

In addition, in high pH conditions, the surface of the fly ash will gather a large number of negative charges, due to electrostatic repulsion effects making phosphate ion not easy to close to the surface of fly ash grain, which would also affect the fly ash on the phosphorus sorption capacity.
After acid treatment of fly ash that release a large number of Al3+ and Fe3+ can effectively reduce or eliminate the suspended particles in water potential, so the suspended particle is destabilizated, and acid treated fly ash particle surface will form a plurality of grooves and holes,that can enhance the adsorption of these destabilization of the colloidal particles.

Table 1 The rolling strength parameters testing data of R1 mill of WuGang No.2 hot strip rolling mill Billet number Billet size(mm) material reduction rolling force (t) Upper torque (KN-M) Lower torque (KN-M) Mean ratio of upper and lower torque (thick*width*length) 　 mm maximum value mean value maximum value mean value maximum value mean value Mupper / Mlower 1 230*1400*9100 St12 38.5 1802 1765 1519 1099 2042 1151 0.95 2 1699 1644 1650 1032 1778 1052 0.98 3 1867 1733 1675 1088 2143 1185 0.92 4 1758 1676 1512 1062 1816 1035 1.03 5 230*1550*9950 A 26.6 1759 1694 1137 826 1284 983 0.84 6 1648 1593 1153 754 1190 923 0.82 7 230*1650*7600 SPHT2 25.8 1883 1762 1213 889 1224 881 1.01 8 230*1650*7800 1697 1645 1122 811 1159 890 0.91 9 230*1550*9950 A 25.9 1799 1765 1408 898 1397 1031 0.87 10 1794 1716 1343 814 1174 985 0.83 The establishment of finite element model MARC Analysis Research Corporation (referred to as MARC) was founded in 1967 and headquartered in California, Palo Alto, is the
Because only study the mechanism of mill asymmetric rolling, to analyze the vertical plate bending deformation in rolling process, taking into account the level of existing computer which not easy to calculate the model of total number of cell contacts more than 15,000, so the size of basic model of plate is taken as the width of only 20mm, while the length only 1200mm, inlet thickness 220mm, export thickness 200mm; The smallest unit is 7.5 (L) × 5 (width) × 7.5 (high) mm (see Figure 1a).
Ultrafine Grained Steel Production at the New Nakayama Hot Strip Mill.

Table 1 The main diagenesis intensity classification（Wushenghe,2010） compaction cementation dissolution compaction strength contacts of grains compacted rate/% cementation intensity cementation rate/% dissolution intensity dissolution rate/% extremely strong compaction concave convex to line contact > 90 strong cementation >75 strong dissolution >75 strong compaction line contact 75 ~ 90 medium compaction point to line contact 50 ~ 75 medium cementation 50 ~ 75 medium dissolution 50 ~ 75 weak compaction point contact <50 weak cementation <50 weak dissolution <50 Characteristics and quantitative intensity of cementation Characteristics of cementation.
The secondary dissolution pores are relatively developed in the study area mainly because the compaction is intense and a small number of primary pores are preserved, while a large number of soluble components (feldspars and debris etc.) make later dissolution in the later phase materially possible.

Six samples of Cu63W37, Cu78W22, Cu84W16, Cu87W13, Cu90W10, and Cu91W9 were prepared by powder metallurgy on the ratio of the atomic number, 5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, and 30:1.
On the other side, there are large number interfaces between the reinforcing phase and matrix.
Copper-tungsten composite powder, which are nanometer grains and ingredients distributed uniform, can be prepared by high energy ball-milling.

Enlightened by FHAP and FCET theory, a potential crime location’s possibility of becoming a criminal’s selection can be divided into a number of grades.
The variable t represents the number of factors that influence the subjective factors or objective factors.
It may be too coarse-grained to simulate the factors’ effect on the criminal’s final decision.