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Furthermore, different information depths of this wide band gap semiconductor material could be assessed due to the inherent properties of each profiling method.
This performance requirement can be either met by highly demanding trench etch and refill processes [1] in charge-compensated silicon super-junction power devices [2] or by a change to wide band gap materials with their superior material properties [3] in device manufacturing.
(2) Due to the variety of different possible cleaving planes in 4H-SiC, cross-sections were prepared by a grinding step followed by chemical mechanical polishing with diamond particles in different grain sizes and a Syton SF1 finish, which resulted in a sub-nanometer surface roughness (Fig. 3a).
Our measurements were performed under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions, which enabled us to simultaneously acquire topographic images (Fig. 3a), due to the high Q-factor of the first and second resonance frequency of the PtIr-coated Nanosensors PPP-NCLPt cantilever optimized for dynamic mode operation.
In KPFM, the measured CPD = (ϕs-ϕt)/q allows for drawing conclusions about the dopant dependent work function of the inspected sample, while in EFM, the charge carrier concentration of the sample affects the magnitude of the amplitude signal.

Introduction The failure of a mechanical component is often a combination of external loading, the manner in which the load was applied, and the stress state present in the sample as a result of manufacture or assembly.
The most common method of failure in manufactured parts subjected to cyclic loading is fatigue. [1] The residual stresses that develop in a part during manufacture or use are one of the most influential factors in determining the fatigue resistance of welded components. [2-5] Common manufacturing methods, e.g. welding, machining, hardening, casting and forging, can all produce residual stresses in the final product. [6-8] Thus, good knowledge of the residual stress profile will lead to more accurate fatigue life prediction [9] and allow the optimization of the welding process parameters.
Discussion The simulated stress redistribution along path A-B (Fig. 4a) predicts the stress changes over a fairly narrow range until the dimensions are within the length of the heat affected zone (x=0.4 for the FE model).
The acquired data as compared to simulations suggests that the critical parameters in determining the extent to which a sample can be sectioned and still produce valid XRD data appear to be the length of material in relation to the size of the heat tint zone (HTZ) produced by the weldment even though heat affected zone (HAZ) is traditionally the most important microstructural feature associated with a change in material properties in welds.
Relaxation is much more pronounced when sectioning perpendicular to the weld bead reduces length along the weld pass and a size factor r was derived from the experimental data.

The main advantages of inorganic material are fluid mechanics performance, high mechanical strength, stability, widely application.
Compost, as the most frequently applied basic materials in BF beds, the properties are high surface area, high water holding capacity and rich nutrition.
Optimal water levels depend on medium, bireactor and other factors.
Above or below an optimum pH range, microbial activity is severely affected [39]. optimum pH range relate with microbial species and odor components.
Therefore, the content of nitrogen in the BFs will directly affect the whole purifying effect.

Besides vegetation, inflow concentration is also an important factor to the effect of treating system.
Main properties of soil particles chemical constituent [mg/Kg] total P available P total N available N organic matter 243.0 9.45 190.7 53.51 3640 mechanical composition particle size [mm] ＞0.05 0.02～0.05 0.0063～0.02 0.0063～0.002 ＜0.002 Ratio % 85.96 8.50 0.25 2.25 3.04 Experimental procedures.
Among those contaminants, SS and PP are particulate contaminants, which have stable physical and chemical properties, and are trapped mainly by sedimentation, which is efficient to reduce outflow concentration.
Analyzing the results above, concentration effect depends on the property of contaminants.
The retention features differ according to the contaminant property.

The effect of corrugation and Hartmann number on the hydrodynamics and thermal flow properties was examined. [48,49] Due to the importance of flows in curved ducts in industrial applications, namely that focus on heat transfer, the object of this paper is based on a new numerical investigation of a nanofluid flow inside this type of ducts.
In a position situating at an angle of 90° from the nanofluid inlet, the curved duct became extended according to a diameter factor equals to a2/a1 =2.
Overall, this decrease does not affect the global heat transfer in the duct.
On the other hand, the metallic nature relatively affects the thermo-physical properties of the nanofluid.
Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering 20(2) (2022) 255-278

It was found that width of the crack opening gap is a crucial factor which influences the crack breathing behaviour.
The above two methods use the same principle that the periodical stiffness variation will affect the dynamical behaviour of the shaft.
A rotating shaft is subjected to different types of mechanical stresses, such as bending, torsional, shear, and static radial loads, etc.
The periodical stiffness variation due to the “crack breathing” affects the dynamical behaviour of the shaft.
This is likely resulted from a change in the material property during welding process, or an imperfect bonding between welding surfaces.

Due to the mentioned risk exposure to contamination, the soil and water systems get affected.
Clay materials, are known for their abundant availability and unique physicochemical properties, have been explored as components of MFCs.
Therefore results show that there was a higher growth in factor 10-2 and 10-3 which makes a lot of sense because the purpose of serial dilution is to reduce the concentration of micro-organisms so at these dilution factors there was still a very high concentration of microorganisms from the inoculum which is signified by high microbial growth on the plates.
As the dilution factor increases the microbial concentration decreases, which was justified by these results because high dilution factors resulted in low to no microbial growth.
Throughout the study, unexpected activity observed in the control, which was attributed to the possibility of, influence both biotic and abiotic factors, such as untreated clay during fabrication and the inherent electrochemical properties of carbon cloths as electrodes.

This study utilized mechanical calculation method and finite element method ABAQUS software to analyze the mechanical response of different flexible pavement material combinations on steel deck.
Construction of Steel Deck Pavement Structure Three-Dimensional Finite Element Model This section described the geometric shape, wheel load, and boundary conditions of the model, as well as the material properties of each course of pavement according to the construction procedure of finite element model.
This study intended to make the most of the geometric symmetry property of structure and the symmetry property of load, and reduce the computer computing time and memory consumption.
Material properties.
The flexible paving material properties of the steel deck in this study are listed in Table 1, using the test data of modulus of resilience of Pan [4] and Chang Liao [5], at temperatures of 25 and 40, respectively.

However, organic shell materials, while providing excellent sealing properties, often suffer from poor thermal conductivity, limited photothermal conversion efficiency, and insufficient mechanical strength[11-19].
The thermal storage and release properties of the microcapsules were characterized using a DSC 3+ differential scanning calorimeter under a nitrogen atmosphere.
The size of the microcapsules is influenced by factors such as HSMA volume, stirring rate, and reaction temperature.
Thermal properties of P, S0, S1, S2 and S3: (a) heating process, (b) cooling process, and (c) phase-change enthalpy.
[28] Huo J H, Peng Z G, Feng Q, Synthesis and properties of microencapsulated phase change material with a urea–formaldehyde resin shell and paraffin wax core, J.

Orowan developed a model and considered all the various factors in order to obtain an accurate solution; but the use of his method is tedious and the calculation of the distribution pressure laborious [12].
In [15] finite element thermal and mechanical models were developed to simulate the thermal and mechanical behaviour of the magnesium strip during hot rolling.
The mechanical characteristic of the metal σs can be evaluated by starting from a global mechanical parameter as the torque C.
The next fundamental step of this research, is the implementation of the material thermo-mechanical properties, evaluated by laboratory tests, in a FE code.
The main problem is due to the fact that during one roll pass of the rolling mill process, the material thermo-mechanical properties vary from point to point along the contact arc between beam and roll.