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At the macro level (an average for a large number of domains with any orientation) for materials with positive magnetostriction, permeability increases with tensile stress along the field axis, and decreases with compressive stress along the field axis [23].
It is an important factor that the crystal grain in HAZ is more coarse than in base metal (Fig. 4a, and b).
It is well known that sliding deformation of coarse grain induced by residual stress is easier in the HAZ, and it accelerates magnetic domain movement, which result in Hp(y) component changes quickly.
Subsequently, the Hp(y) component will continue fast rise with tensile stress σy are rapidly increasing, though the crystal grain in welded seam is finer than in base metal (Fig. 4a, and c).

The main characteristics of this powder mix are: sharp grains, nominal particle size and particle size distribution -45 +15 (µm) and melting temperature of 1840°C.
Considering the high number of influencing parameters, to simplify the experiments the spray gun travel speed was selected at 75 mm/s and spraying angle (the angle between the nozzle and the component to be sprayed) used was 90°.
The same type of powder mixture was also used, the grain size varying within the same range specified by the manufacturer.
Int. 193 (2024) 109427 [10] Monika, Michalak., Leszek, Latka., Paweł, Sokołowski., Filofteia-Laura, Toma., Hanna, Myalska., Hanna, Myalska., Alain, Denoirjean., Hélène, Ageorges, Microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties of finely grained Al2O3 coatings obtained by SPS and S-HVOF methods, Surf.

As a result, it increases the number of crystallization centers of the alloy and to form the same fine-grained structure.
In the microstructure of this 35XGCL (analog is JIS G 5111) steel alloy, uniformly fine-grained TiC particles serve to improve the main wear resistance property.
The wear resistance of the research samples was improved by 1.11, 1.2, and 1.31 times, respectively, compared to the non-modified 35XGCL (analog is JIS G 5111) brand steel alloys. 35XGCL (analog is JIS G 5111) brand steel alloy was modified with TiC nanopowder particles in the liquid state outside the furnace to form a uniform fine-grained structure.

A wide application of magnesium aluminate spinel powder has attracted a number of studies concerning the preparation of magnesium aluminate spinel powder.
However, high temperature calcination leads to grain growth and severe hard agglomeration, which is undesirable for the fabrication of dense magnesium aluminate spinel ceramics.

When these parameters are controlled to reduce the relative diameter of the axial porosity zone, the number of shrinkage defects decreases and the quality of large diameter rolled steel becomes better.
All of the above methods reduce chemical and structural heterogeneity, provide a finer grain structure, improve the mechanical properties of the concast slab and rolled stock.

These particles will retard the grain movement and also stable upon heating due the low solubility of zirconium in aluminum matrix.
These GP zones remarkably dissolve before metastable phase formation then will decrease the number of GP zones presence, while metastable precipitates have not grown up and the size of them are too small to resist the movement of dislocation, so that age hardening effect of alloy must be low at this stage.

Compared with the RuO2 sample, the RuO2-LaFeO3 sample has smaller crystalline grain size.
A further advantage is a large number of Ru-oxidation states existing at the electrode surface in the potential region the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) [2].

Integration of DN(R) gives the precipitate number density.
The (dΣ/dΩ)NUC at low Q values is attributed to scattering from large objects like grain boundaries, dislocations [6], and large precipitates.
The number density of Fe atoms is NoFe = 84.9nm-3, calculated using Eq. 4.
After 20min, the precipitate number density decreases while annealing, indicating that the coarsening process is taking place.
a) b) c) Fig. 4 Precipitate a) mean radius, b) number density and c) volume fraction evolution during annealing at 650oC.

It was concluded that the Eckert number and the Biot number has a tendency to enhance the distribution of temperature.
(ii) Ohmic heating and magnetic Reynolds number are very small.
Generally, Prandtl number is the ratio between momentum and thermal diffusivities.
Generally, radiation is a heat transfer mechanism which procures the energy via liquid grains.
· Heat function () and Eckert number are straight proportional to each other

With the improvement of plasma coating methods, the number of disadvantages decreases.
Despite the fact that plasma methods have been developing for a relatively long time, there are a number of unresolved issues in this area, which, first of all, are associated with a reasonable choice of optimal coating deposition modes.
In addition to the above design parameters, it becomes necessary to take into account additional factors (material and diameter of the cathode, number, width of sections and distance between them, etc.).
); GT is the consumption of the transporting gas; RT - type of transporting gas; Gш - powder (charge) consumption; m - number of charge lines.
The deviations were summed over all 32 experiments and referred to the number of degrees of freedom equal to 16.