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During the last decade an increasing number of researchers focused on materials that have at least one dimension in the nano scale range.
To quantify the relative crystallographic textures associated with Ni nanowires, the texture coefficients (TC) for predominant (h k l) peaks in XRD patterns were calculated according to the following formula [19]: TChkl=IhklI0hkl1nnIhkli0hkl (Eq. 2) where: I(h k l) is the measured relative intensity of (h k l) reflection, I0(h k l) is relative intensity of nickel taken from the ICDD file, and n is the number of reflections used in the calculations.
Also, the pulse time affects the crystalline size, i.e. smaller grains were observed at fast frequency of 10 pulse/s.

Mittemeijere Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany a a.leineweber@mf.mpg.de, b liapina@mpie.de, ct.gressmann@mf.mpg.de, d m.nikolussi@mf.mpg.de, e e.j.mittemeijer@mf.mpg.de Keywords: iron nitrides, cementite, nitriding, nitrocarburising, interstitial alloys, diffusion Abstract. α-Iron foils were exposed to various gas atmospheres containing all or a number of the components NH3, CO, H2 and N2 for different periods of time at 550°C.
This may be due to intitially open regions of the cementite layer, allowing direct dissolution of C in the ferrite and fast bypass diffusion of C, through the ferrite to cementite grains developing from the surface [4].
Furthermore, in an early stage of growth the cementite layer may be rich in defects (e.g. grain boundaries), leading to initially high effective diffusion coefficients.

Crystalline domains are finely dispersed, although they clearly tend to agglomerate in macroscopic-scale grains.
For α-Fe (bcc) the space group is Im-3m (number 229) and the corresponding Laue class is m-3m.
The Laue command can be employed in PM2K to obtain the Laue class information from the space group number.
The tetragonal distortions reduces the symmetry and, in turn, the number of equivalent slip systems.
in the Laue function, the invariant terms and the peaks that increase in number due to the splitting caused by the tetragonal distortion.

Waste is used as additive in the production of a certain number of products.
Thus, number of industries uses it in the manufacture of various materials.
Increasing resistance of ceramic materials - glass is especially a result of their finesse grain and uniform microstructure.In the mixtureVIII there is a decrease in rate of 50% feldspath,this seems to be very interesting at the industriel level.

Above approximately 55 °C, the layer-forming corrosion products acquire a coarse-grained structure and lose adhesion to the zinc surface.
Corrosion of steel in concrete has caused numerous costly repairs and a considerable number of structural failures during the last centuries [6].

Figure 3: Scematic diagram of laser assisted milling Table 2: Laser assisted milling processing parameters Laser Parameters Milling Parameters Pulsed wave laser Continuous wave laser · Cutting depth · Feed, feed rate, cutting speed · Spindle speed · Cutting edge number · Tool design · Tool material & coating · Pulse rate · Pulse width N/A · Average laser power · Laser Energy · Spot diameter · Beam distribution modes · Scanning speed · Laser beam orientation Laser Assisted Turning (LAT) The function of heat source from laser is to soften the workpiece and reduce the material strength.
Numbers of researchers have proven that the cutting force needed for laser assisted machining of hardened steel material is closely related to the temperature.
BCBN tools has ultra-fine-grain size (<100nm), can be created by sintering hexagonal boron nitride to CBN under ultra-high pressure of 10GPa at 1800°C.
Ultra-fine-grain size allows tools made from this material to be extremely sharp and suitable for micro-level machining and like mirror surface cutting [30].
Higuchi, "Development of ultra-fine-grain binderless cBN tool for precision cutting of ferrous materials," Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 209, pp. 5646-5652, 2009

Specimens subjected to different number of coating cycles (n = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8) were annealed at 550 °C, and subsequently anodized at different voltages (100, 300, and 500 V).
The specimens subjected to different number of TiO2 coating cycles (n = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8) were dried at 100 °C, and then annealed at 550 °C for 10 min.
Results and Discussion Fig. 1 shows the cross-sectional SEM images of the tunnels in the specimens subjected to a different number of TiO2 coating cycles (n = 1, 2, 4, and 8) and anodized at different voltages.
Zhao, Effect of film thickness on the grain size and photocatalytic activity of the sol–gel derived nanometer TiO2 thin films, J.

The role of the slipping plane numbers in the substructure evolution was revealed.
Investigation of the monocrystals makes possible to understand the nature of the dislocation structure formation in “clean” state that is without other factors, for example such as the presence of grain boundaries.
At this stage all octahedral slip planes work in a crystal but as a rule their number in local volumes is less than four.
Conclusion Summarizing the conducted experimental investigations of the dislocation structure is possible to make a number of conclusions.
In spite of the fact that in the monocrystals with the axial loading orientations [11] and [001] the number of equally loading planes is higher than in [011] monocrystals, the number of locally acting planes as a rule does not exceed two.

Both kinds of applications require high quality single crystals having desirable dimensions, devoid of defects, grain boundaries, or impurities that act as electron scatterers, traps and non radiative recombination centers.
They are part of the small number of compound semiconductors which may also be produced in amorphous form.

The calcination heating rate can play a key role in the grain size and distribution of BaCO3 and CeO2, so that it can affect the surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of the NSR catalyst.
A large number of fine particles composed of BaCO3 and CeO2 adhere to the large γ-Al2O3 particles.