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Mittemeijere Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany a a.leineweber@mf.mpg.de, b liapina@mpie.de, ct.gressmann@mf.mpg.de, d m.nikolussi@mf.mpg.de, e e.j.mittemeijer@mf.mpg.de Keywords: iron nitrides, cementite, nitriding, nitrocarburising, interstitial alloys, diffusion Abstract. α-Iron foils were exposed to various gas atmospheres containing all or a number of the components NH3, CO, H2 and N2 for different periods of time at 550°C.
This may be due to intitially open regions of the cementite layer, allowing direct dissolution of C in the ferrite and fast bypass diffusion of C, through the ferrite to cementite grains developing from the surface [4].
Furthermore, in an early stage of growth the cementite layer may be rich in defects (e.g. grain boundaries), leading to initially high effective diffusion coefficients.

Crystalline domains are finely dispersed, although they clearly tend to agglomerate in macroscopic-scale grains.
For α-Fe (bcc) the space group is Im-3m (number 229) and the corresponding Laue class is m-3m.
The Laue command can be employed in PM2K to obtain the Laue class information from the space group number.
The tetragonal distortions reduces the symmetry and, in turn, the number of equivalent slip systems.
in the Laue function, the invariant terms and the peaks that increase in number due to the splitting caused by the tetragonal distortion.

Above approximately 55 °C, the layer-forming corrosion products acquire a coarse-grained structure and lose adhesion to the zinc surface.
Corrosion of steel in concrete has caused numerous costly repairs and a considerable number of structural failures during the last centuries [6].

In the CHT specimen, the retained austenite formations are located at some of the martensitic lath interfaces as well as at the primary austenite grain boundaries, Fig. 3.
Alternatively, the number and population density of SGCs is enhanced substantially as can be seen from the comparison of Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
However, the situation is more complex because there is considerably enhanced number and population density of small globular carbides in SZT specimens, Figs. 3 – 5.
Hence, greater number of matrix/carbide interfaces is formed in these specimens.
The higher the matrix/carbide interface number the higher is the probability to form microvoids, which is also reflected in the topography of fracture surfaces, Figs. 8, 9.

INTRODUTION In recent years, with the increasing of Chinese economic level and per capita income levels, the number of various models was began to rapid increased.
Table 1 The basic technical indexes of rubber asphalt Test project Measured results Inspection method Penetration （25°C，100g，5s）0.1mm 41 T0604 Ductility （5cm/min,15°C）cm ≥100 T0605 SofteningpointTR&B(°C) 61.5 T0606 Kinematic viscosity 135°C（Pa•s） 3.0 T0625 In this article, the aggregate for diabase gravel produces from Guangxi, according to the grain size is divided into 10 ~ 15 mm, 5 ~ 10 mm, 3 ~ 5 mm and 0 ~ 3 mm four pots, its related technical indicators are shown in table 2.
The 170 °C crushed value test should set material in 170 °C oven in thermostat 4 hours above, then will set material by specification requirements of number loaded into crushed value test instrument, in 170 °C oven thermostat half a hours.
B．Formation ways to rubber asphalt blend factor of porosity distributed influence Put the samples which molded by Marshall compaction law, revolving compaction law and static pressure law are divided into the serial number 1, 2 and 3groups in turn, prepares 4 test samples in each group.
Carries on the even slice its test sample, the static pressure law and revolving compaction law formation test sample cut into 6 slices, and Marshall formation test sample cut into 3 slices, and defers to order from top to bottom to carry on the serial number.

So far a number of studies have been performed by using recycled aggregate in concrete attempting to understand the properties of RAC; Among them, most of the studies are mainly focused on the mechanical properties of the resulting concrete, limited work is carried out on the understanding of the durability aspects of the emerging construction material as is probably with concrete that is made with natural aggregate [3].
Table 1 Properties of coarse aggregates Kind Grain Size(mm) Density(kg/m3) Water absorption (%) Water content (%) Crush index (%) Apparent Bulk NCA RCA S 5~20 5~20 <5 2760 2680 2600 1628 1295 1830 1.2 5.15 -- 0.5 2.49 0.47 9.12 17.32 -- Note: RCA, recycled coarse aggregate; NCA, natural coarse aggregate; S, fine aggregate Table 2 Mix design and w/b Mix w/b Unit cotent: kg/m3 Water Additional water Cement Fly ash Slag Silica fume Fine agg.
For each mix, a number of cylindrical specimens(Φ100×200 mm) were cast and cured.
(3) where is the transference number of particle (here provided is 1), is the conductance of concrete, which can be calculated using Eq. 1.
The number of total ions of Ca2+, Al3+, AlOH2+and Si4+ in fly ash, slag and silica fume concrete is more than that in pure Portland cement concrete, and the ion concentration of fly ash, slag and silica fume concrete is higher than that of control concrete [8].

Main Part Airfield and highway pavements throughout their entire life cycle are constantly exposed to a large number of negative factors that affect their technical condition and, as a consequence, ensure flight and traffic safety [5-9].
The results of monitoring the technical condition of airfield cement concrete pavements make it possible to trace the percentage of slabs with these damages to the total number of slabs (Table 1).
However, the real, actual service life between repairs of cement concrete pavements, for a number of objective and subjective reasons, is much lower than the design one (on average, 10-15 years or even less).
Nanoadditives are a powder with a bulk density of 600-900 kg/m3, each grain of which is a cluster built from nanoparticles with an average size of 300 nm.
A significant number of developments of polymer concrete mixtures relate to cold-curing compositions.

Table 1 The notional relationship between COSMIC-FFP and UML Serial number COSMIC-FFPnotions UMLelements 1 Boundary Set of participants in use case diagram 2 Layer Set of use cases in an abstraction Layer 3 Functional process Use case (or a group massage) 4 Data group Physical storage part of class 5 Data attribute Class attribute 6 Data movement Massage of sequence diagram 7 Attention object Class Mapping rules As described in Table 1, the main concern nationsof COSMIC-FFP areboundary, layer, functional process, data group, data movement and attentionobject, etc., and all the nations are reflected in use case diagrams, class diagrams and sequence diagrams.
R18: In sequence diagram, the parameter group carried by the massage can be identified as a data group, and the number of data groups is equal to the number of different attention objects related by the massage parameter.
R21: Data movement size judgment: Data movement size is calculated on the basis of the number of related different data groups which usually is the number of different attention objects related by the data item of the data movement.
(4) For the sequence diagram that describes every functional process, to identify the number and types of the data movements contained in the functional process using rules R17~R21 and the measurement method and rules in literature[15]
Proceedings of2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering.(2008), p. 251-254 [8] AsmaSellami, Hanene Ben-Abdallah: Functional size of use case diagrams: a fine-grain measurement.

Specimens subjected to different number of coating cycles (n = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8) were annealed at 550 °C, and subsequently anodized at different voltages (100, 300, and 500 V).
The specimens subjected to different number of TiO2 coating cycles (n = 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8) were dried at 100 °C, and then annealed at 550 °C for 10 min.
Results and Discussion Fig. 1 shows the cross-sectional SEM images of the tunnels in the specimens subjected to a different number of TiO2 coating cycles (n = 1, 2, 4, and 8) and anodized at different voltages.
Zhao, Effect of film thickness on the grain size and photocatalytic activity of the sol–gel derived nanometer TiO2 thin films, J.

During the last decade an increasing number of researchers focused on materials that have at least one dimension in the nano scale range.
To quantify the relative crystallographic textures associated with Ni nanowires, the texture coefficients (TC) for predominant (h k l) peaks in XRD patterns were calculated according to the following formula [19]: TChkl=IhklI0hkl1nnIhkli0hkl (Eq. 2) where: I(h k l) is the measured relative intensity of (h k l) reflection, I0(h k l) is relative intensity of nickel taken from the ICDD file, and n is the number of reflections used in the calculations.
Also, the pulse time affects the crystalline size, i.e. smaller grains were observed at fast frequency of 10 pulse/s.