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They are vulnerable to rain, worms, and their mechanical properties are easily weakened.
Nicola, et al. obtained the defects status and the influencing factors of the elements through the diagnosis of a church's timber structure [6].
At the same time, they do not reduce the mechanical properties of the timber elements, especially in the column structures.
In addition, the timber knots will affect the resistance curve after them, which will result the upward shift of the resistance curve.

Among the various materials used in industrial applications, aluminum, particularly Aluminum, is notable for its high corrosion resistance and lightweight properties[1], [2].
Its lightweight and weather-resistant properties benefit aircraft manufacturing and architectural applications, such as roofing, siding, and curtain walls.
Overall, Aluminum is a cost-effective alloy offering a combination of properties that suit various engineering applications[3].
The material's performance under stress, particularly stress corrosion cracking (SCC), is a critical factor that requires thorough investigation.
Ashby, Engineering materials 1: An introduction to properties, applications and design.

The physical research of battery material is of an importance, particularly considering that battery performance will be greatly affected by the physical properties of its constituent material.
The study of inorganic oxide based lithium ion conductive material is particularly important because of its high chemical stability and mechanical strength.
Therefore, we believe that studying the physical properties of non-rare or less-rare earth materials is also important.
Table 1 The relationship between the chemical composition, space group, and lattice constant of LZTO. x Space group Lattice constant [Å] 0.33 Fd3m‐Oh7 8.3923 0.50 P4332‐O6 8.3738 0.60 P4332‐O6 8.3621 Li2xZn2-3xTi1+xO4 (x=0.33～0.6), abbreviated as LZTO, is a negative cathode material, which is expected to be utilized as the negative cathode of a solid-state lithium ion battery due to its superior charging and discharging properties [7-12].
On the other hand, as far as the author knows, there has been no report regarding the fabrication and electrical properties of LZTO (x=0.33～0.6) single crystal.

Laser surface melting allows selective heating and melting of the surface, which modifies the surface properties of the material due to rapid melting followed by rapid solidification.
The high cooling rates to which this surface layer is subjected results in the formation of different microstructures from the bulk metal, leading to improved properties such as better resistance to wear and corrosion [1-2].
Previous studies have shown that LSR could be employed to improve the corrosion resistance properties of 304 stainless steels. [3-5].
The latent heat released during solidification was taken into account by a term that includes a temperature accumulation factor [14].
Wada Summary of thermal properties for casting alloys and mold materials (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, 1980) [16] O.

It is well known that heat transfer coefficient during the forced convection, in addition to thermal conductivity, is also affected by liquid properties such as viscosity, density and specific heat, and on the other hand, the geometry of the system, and the average velocity of the fluid.
So far obtained experience with nanofluids indicate that there are other factors than those already mentioned, the affect heat transfer coefficient during the flow in the channels like: concentration of the nanoparticles, their size (distribution) and the material from which they are made, the method of preparation of nanoparticles and nanofluids, pH and zeta potential of nanofluids as well as the method of heating of the measuring section (electric heating can affect the migration of nanoparticles are likely to carry electrical charge).
CuO-water nanofluid clearly produces higher friction factor when compared to water and the 2%vol. nanofluid.
The surface enlargement factor for all the plates was 1.157 [25].
It seems that the decisive factor of the pressure drop increase recorded for nanofluids is nanoparticle agglomeration.

The term "microplastics" refers to a wide variety of particle characteristics, including chemical and physical properties [5].
Plastic waste in the environment tends to break down into smaller particles due to mechanical abrasion and biodegradation.
The morphological properties and composition of an element were analyzed using SEM-EDS.
According to our findings, road dust and soil are an important factor to consider when measuring the state of pollution in numerous elements of our environment.
Harrison, Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review, Sci.

Furthermore, it will affect the mechanical requirements of RLMB-rotor BDFM and also brings the vibration and noise.
The effective number of turns in series under per phase per pole-pair is related to both the winding turns N and the winding factor KN.
Motor’s vibration and noise have a direct relationship with the radial forces, furthermore, the greater radial forces are, the higher mechanical strength requirements of core material will be.
Comparing Fig.4 (a) with (b), we can know: the radial force curves generated by the harmonic magnetic fields of 1, 3, 5 and 7 in Fig.4 (a) have the same variation tendency with that in Fig.4 (b), the radial force amplitude under the condition of 4-pole power winding which added AC current is greater than that under the condition of 6-pole control winding which added DC current; the radial force waves generated by 1st harmonic magnetic field at the place of five magnetic modules are the sine waves with different amplitudes, so are the 3rd and 7th ; the radial force waves at the place of five magnetic modules generated by the 5th harmonic field are also the sine waves but with the same amplitude, which has the same properties as magnetic field distribution.

But the cavity walls constraint masonry construction is suitable in cold area for its high heat-insulating property.
Because the mechanical properties of concrete small hollow block is better, broader scope of application as an alternative to clay brick, and relatively mature and new wall materials, it is widely used in the multi-layer and even in high-rise masonry buildings.
In recent years more and more methods are put forward on the small concrete block wall thermal insulation properties around the world: ultralight ceramic concrete block multi-row hole block wall of the wall, lightweight aggregate concrete, concrete single or dual hole fill put the insulation material block walls, concrete block cavity or composite wall, thermal insulation or insulation concrete block wall, lightweight aggregate concrete block composite wall, which can improve the building enclosure performance effectively.[2] The structure constraints in the concrete block cavity wall brick masonry is focused in this paper, namely composite insulation wall.
Segment BC stiffness reduction factor is 0.4 times of the segment AB according to parameters in literature [1] and [6].
So it’s type, reinforcement, the strength, stiffness, spacing, anchor length inserting into the inside wall and the outside, etc., will directly affect the connection degree of the inside and outside leaf in the wall and the anti-seismic performance of the cavity wall constraint masonry structure.

This paper will try to discuss brittle fracture of polycrystalline materials in the light of the roles of grain boundaries and of the grain boundary microstructures, based on recent knowledge of grain boundary structure and properties established in the last three decades [5].
When intergranular fracture occurs ideally without any plastic work (this is the case of very brittle materials), the fracture energy almost directly affect the fracture energy and fracture strength.
Factors Controlling Crack Propagation in Polycrystal as Percolation Process (a) In-situ Observations of Fracture Processes in Polycrystals So far there was a very few literature reporting in-situ observations of fracture processes in polycrystals with characterized grain boundaries.
This was a very important finding that the grain boundary character distribution can affect operating fracture mode.
Smith(ed); Grain Boundary Structure and Properties, Acad.

Unfortunately, as devices become smaller so they can interact with individual cells, they fail chronically in-vivo which has been attributed to both abiotic and biotic factors.
Carbon-electrode SiC INI Carbon containing materials, such as graphene, carbon-nanotubes (CNT), and graphene oxide, have gained prominence as possible electrode materials for implantable neural interfaces due to their excellent conductive properties.
The C sandwiched with a-SiC was characterized for both its material and electrical properties as shown in Figure 6 below.
Table 1: Electrochemical properties of SiC and common neural electrode materials.
PEDOT- CNT composite microelectrodes for recording and electrostimulation applications: Fabrication, morphology, and electrical properties.