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Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed mainly of clay minerals and small fragments of other minerals such as quartz and calcite.
RQD will therefore be a number between 0 and 100.
RQD may be calculated from the number of joints per m3.
The joint roughness number describes these conditions.
Joint Roughness number chart.

But the increase in the use of implants goes to a consequent increase in the number of failures.
Before to market a dental implant to clinical practitioners, the product is validated among other determinations in number of biocompatibility research.
Fig. 5 EDS analyses for implant 1 in different areas The dental implant 1 chemical composition resulted after EDS analysis is presented in table 1 Table 1 Implant 1 chemical composition Analysis area Chemical composition Al Ti V [% weight] [% atomic] [% weight] [% atomic] [% weight] [% atomic] On fragile seed (Zone II) 22.44 14.01 85.99 77.56 0.00 0.00 10.82 17.80 80.25 74.40 8.94 7.79 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 Near seed, homogenous area 4.83 8.30 88.15 85.31 7.02 6.39 5.58 9.52 89.79 86.29 4.63 4.18 3.81 6.57 95.84 93.11 0.35 0.32 Zone_2_ Without grain - Zone I 4.70 8.06 95.30 91.94 0.00 0.00 4.82 8.26 95.18 91.74 0.00 0.00 4.48 7.72 88.97 86.30 6.55 5.97 Zone_1_ Outer edge 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 96.00 97.84 0.00 0.00 4.00 2.16 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Zona_2_ Outer edge 95.27 97.44 0.00 0.00 4.73 2.56 89.94 94.41 0.00 0.00 10.06 5.59 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 In Fig. 2 and 3, can be seen structural unevenness and some areas of intra crystalline

The number of specimens was four for each treatment.
The deformation process can cause a strain hardening mechanism, which leads the dislocations to be deformed and accumulate at the grain boundaries [41].
This phenomenon causes the strengthening of the material so that the gap between the grains gets smaller, slows down the corrosion process, and increases the material corrosion resistance.
The greater the deformation, the more the dislocations deformed and accumulation at the grain boundaries and the higher the corrosion resistance.
The number of Ti-6Al-4V ELI specimens from each thermomechanical treatment tested was 4.

Patterns for garments made from high-stretch fabrics commonly eliminate the use of darts and reduce the number of contoured seams in favour of utilising a fabric’s stretch properties to contour the shape of the body[18, 19].
Langer’s lines can be said to represent the “grain of the skin”[24] and can denote in which direction the skin stretches and does not stretch on a mobile body.
LoNE and Langer’s Lines have be used as guides by which fabric grain and seam lines could be placed when cutting garments[24, 25].
A study with a larger number of participants would also strengthen the validity of these findings.
Lindqvist, "On the relationship between the shear forces in human skin and the grain direction of woven fabric," International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 106-114, 2016, doi: 10.1080/17543266.2016.1173235

Furthermore, the number of carbon atoms and clusters increased with increasing the Ar ion fluences.
The energy density, band gap energy, number of carbon atom per conjugated length -C=C- and the number of carbon atoms per cluster (M) for pristine and bombarded LDPE with Ar ions with different fluences.
The cluster size in the pristine polymer corresponds to the grain structure of the polymer due to the complexity of its monomeric units.
Moreover, the variation in the absorption intensity after irradiation with argon ions suggests the increase of the number of conjugated polymer chains C=C bonds.
On the other hand the number of carbon atoms per conjugated length, number of carbon cluster and the color concentrations increase with increasing the ion fluences.

The number of compounds forming from coke ash components during heating in a stream of gases of highly differential reductiveness reflects the complexity of the physicochemical phenomena.
Although the test has confirmed that coke undergoes grain degradation and volatile matter content reduction as it comes down the blast furnace, the scatter of these effects in particular samples in Table 1 suggests that the analysis of samples taken from the tuyères may not allow different coke batches to be compared.
The number of compounds forming from the constituents of coke ash when heated in a stream of gases with a highly diverse reducing capacity reflects the complexity of the physicochemical phenomena.

Therefore, an important issue is the number of cycles to crack initiation, which need to be designated and considered.
Calculation of the effective length determining the fatigue zone can be dependent upon the radius of the notch [15], the grain size [16], the designated modelling zone [17, 18], or based on the stress gradient [1, 15].
The moment of crack initiation for which the number of cycles was determined was adopted, when the crack length was 0.1 mm.
After determining the number of cycles to crack initiation, the stress value corresponding to the level of loading was calculated.
Adaptation of this parameter allows for reference of the recognized approach to determine the material fatigue and the corresponding number of cycles to crack initiation.

Introduction Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has been studied extensively in the last few decades to obtain bulk material with ultrafine grained structures.
A number of SPD processes have been proposed, such as equal channel angular pressing (ECAP)[1,2], accumulative roll bonding (ARB)[3], multi directional forging and high pressure torsion (HPT)[1].
The shear strain applied by HPT is given by γ =2πrN/t (r: radius; N: number of HPT revolutions; t: thickness of the sample) and the von Mises equivalent strain εvM is given by εvM = γ/√3.
At 5 GPa ω phase is first detected after 1/8 turns and the volume fraction increases with the number of turns.
The hardness decreases with the increase in the number of HPT turns similar to that observed in pure Al.

Considering that the best fit correspond to the most probable disorientation between both lattices, the “O” lattice theory allows to obtain the relative orientation of the two considered grains.
Actually, it is necessary to limit the possible metal cells number (which is infinite), and so a maximum authorized value of the metal cell multiplicity Σ1 is chosen (which is considered as a numerical parameter and noted Σ1max).
Moreover, the number of local minima of the [VM2.det(I – A-1)] increases with Σ1max increases which means that the number of potential oxide orientations leading to a good metal/oxide “fit” increases.
Actually, as shown on Fig. 2, when the Σ1max value increases, the number of local minima increases which means that the number of potential oxide orientations leading to a good metal/oxide “fit” increases.

Divide the self-similar object in strict sense into N small ones, whose forms and sizes are in full accord ,and the line-size of each one is 1/r times of the original figure, here ,the fractal dimension D of the self-similar object is : (2) Particle size distribution of aggregates As a kind of typical chondrule ,aggregate present scattered grain structure. the concept of its structure consists of particle composition and the arrangement relationship between particle and each other .The complexity of granular aggregate structure lies in three aspects, that is, particles’ stochastic arrangement in space, porous structure caused by it and irregularity of the contact relationship among particles where, particle size distribution (i.e. grading of aggregate) is the basic factor of determining the structure of asphalt mixture ,and it is also the important factor of causing mechanics properties of different granular asphalt mixture
Deduction of mass fractal characteristic function of aggregate.Certain a particle size r,assumed its distribution function is ,that is the cumulative percentage of particle size which is less than or equal to r is: (3) Where, is the total number of particles whose sizes are more than r (size r, unit is mm); is the total number of particles in the sample.
Obtained from formula (7): (8) Introduced density constant of aggregate, the relation between volume and mass is: (9) Where: is density constant of aggregate ; , are respectively volume and number of the particle whose size r is located at interval （r，r＋dr）.
Among them, number 1～3 are grading trend of AC-20,as Tab. 1 and Fig.1 shows, the meaning is that: 1 is upper limit of grading of AC-20, 2 is median of grading of AC-20, 3 is lower limit of grading of AC-20.
Number 4～6 are grading trend of SMA-20,as Tab. 2 and Fig.2 shows, 4 is upper limit of grading of SMA-20,5 is median of grading of SMA-20,6 is lower limit of grading of SMA-20.