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Baek et al.[10-15] have prepared functionalized CNTs grafted by a series of small molecules via FC acylation, which leaves little detrimental structures to CNTs.
It is expected that little damages were caused to the structure of MWNCTs by the reaction.
Fig. 1 Functionalization of the MWCNTs with PI by the FC alkylation reaction (a) and cartoon depicting of f-MWCNTs structure (b).
Besides, the small difference for ID/IG between MWCNTs and f-MWCNTs indicates that the process of the functionalization basically maintains the original structure of MWCNTs.
Obviously, The ID/IG for c-MWCNTs, 1.132 is much higher than the other two CNTs because chemical treatment in nitric acid/sulfuric acid damages the structure of MWCNTs seriously.

Meanwhile, complex, multi-layered ceramic core structures with higher cooling efficiencies have also been widely studied.
Experimental Commercial PEG (Guangfu chemistry, Tianjin, China) with molecular weights of 2000, 4000, and 6000 were used as plasticizers and gave the feedstock a fluid viscosity.
Graphite (Huatai company, Qingdao, China) with a layered structure was used as the primary feedstock filler.
The complex structure ceramic core with a molten core then undergoes debinding and sintering at high temperature.
Fig. 2 Diagram of complex structure ceramic core.

We can clear seen that there no worm-like structure formed, only the massive irregular structure products are obtained when we didn't use any additives (Fig.3D), with the increased amount of template, the product of morphologies from the blocky morphology gradually to the three-dimensional networkstructure evolution (Fig.3A→D), When β-cyclodextrin content reached 0.5 g, the products formed a worm-like morphology, diameter of about 200 nm, this result indicated that the β-cyclodextrin plays an important role in the formation of the worm-like structure.
The TEM images of the worm-like sample are shown in Fig.3E, it showed three-dimensional network structure, which is consistent with the results observed using SEM (Fig.3C).
Therefore, we speculated that electronic transitions to the high-energy bands [33] and the special worm-structures may be also possibly responsible for the dramatically blue-shifted absorption.
The SEM and TEM images reveal that the products have a length of around two microns and have a three-dimensional network structure.
M. van Veggel, Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 15(2014)263-268

To analyze the effect of steam treatment on the structure and morphology of sorghum stalk fiber, various characterization techniques were utilized.
Fig. 2(b) and (c) show the fiber structure after 5 and 25 minutes of steaming, respectively.
According to Michael Ioelovich, the three peaks are the peak of type 4 cellulose, meaning it still lacks a well-defined crystalline structure.
However, at 60 minutes of steaming, the crystalline structure of cellulose is also disrupted, lowering the overall crystallinity index [22].
Nordin, “Effect of steam treatment on the characteristics of oil palm empty fruit bunch and its biocomposite,” Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 292–298, 2020, doi: 10.22146/ijc.40906

A unit cell of a spinel structure has 56 ions, including "32" oxygen ions and "24" metal ions.
Owing to its high saturation magnetization, great magnetocrystalline anisotropy, and distinctive magnetic structure, the inverse variety of spinel ferrite is particularly intriguing.
These reflections are strong and exhibit a slight broadening, which may be caused by the produced nickel ferrite's nanocrystalline structure.
Fig. 2 (b) is shown the NiFe2O4 inverse spinel structure, the band lies at 595 cm−1, and increasing amount of Ni2+ ions lead to increase the vibrational energy in the structure.
Chemistry Central Journal, [27] S.

It is clear that the cube is not a single structure, but constructed by particles with sizes in the range of hundred nanometers.
No obvious of sub-particles were found, as the aggregates shows a whole porous structure without traces of piling up of subunits.
In order to investigate the formation of the cubic structure, intermediate formation process was performed.
Higher magnification images show the cubic structures were of sheet subunit.
From the higher magnification, most Zn2SnO4 were of octahedral structure with dimensions about 5 μm.

For anodes, carbon matrix composites, a combination of polyaniline (PANI) with TiO2 using carbon as substrate, have gained special attention, though carbon material itself can exhibit excellent performance by diversifying molecular structures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
Among the family of conducting polymers, the unique properties of polyaniline lie in its ease of synthesis, environmental stability, and simple doping/dedoping chemistry.
It has been well known for its remarkable physical structure and chemical characterization figuring prominently in high mechanical resistance, porosity, biocompatibility and relatively high electrical conductivity yet reported in previous studies.Though the carbon-based material is low in volumetric carbon content, brittle in hardness and poorly extended three-dimensional network structure, RVC is still extensively used as electrode materials due to its advantage mentioned above.Anode materials consisting of reticulated vitreous carbon are more easily subjected to polarization compared with other materials.
Taking, these catalysts in acidic solution, for example, their unique chemical structure of macrocycle rings can be destroyed due to the effect of demetalisation.

Eg(r, d) of GaN QDs with WZ structure.
Eg(r, d) of GaP QDs with ZB structure.
For Si with diamond structure, InP, CdSe and CdS with ZB structures, h values are listed in Table 1.
Weast: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (69th ed., CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1988-1989, pp.
Lide: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (88th ed., CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, Internet Version 2008, pp. 6-115, 6-111, 6-114, 4-158 and 4-162) [125] O.

In acid solution, micron structure of the residue presents hollow Co shells, whereas the product separated from alkali shows fragments made up with metal Co.
In order to further understand the structure of Al/Conano composite, the as-prepared sample was etched for removing the Al core.
Two products recovered from acid and alkali show distinct difference in micron-structure, as is illustrated in Fig.3.
By the furious effervescing resulted from the high alkali concentration at the beginning of reaction, the shell structure was impacted and break up into fragments (imitated as Fig.5g and h), accounting for the result shown in Fig.3b.
Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry.

High oxide ion conductivity of (Ba1-x-ySrxLay)InO2.5+y/2 members derived from Ba2In2O5 system Katsuyoshi Kakinuma 1, a , Hiroshi Yamamura 1,b and Tooru Atake 2,c 1 Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kanagawa University 3-27-1 Rokkakubashi, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, 221-8686, Japan 2 Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503, Japan a kakink01@kanagawa-u.ac.jp, byamamh02@kanagawa-u.ac.jp, cataketooru@msl.titech.ac.jp Keywords: Oxide ion conductivity, Order-disorder transition, Unit cell free volume, Perovskite structure, Brownmillerite structure, Solid oxide fuel cell Abstract.!
Both yttria-stabilized zirconia with a fluorite-type structure [4] and La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 with a perovskite-type structure[5] are examples of high oxide ion conductors.
The Brownmillerite structure (A2BB2O5) is a perovskite-related structure in which one sixth of the oxygen in the unit cell is removed.
rt Fig. 1 Crystal structure (b) Brownmillerite structure Oxygen vacancy is in the ordered state.
While the powder X-ray diffraction analysis reflects the long-range structure, Raman spectroscopy reflects the short-range structure.