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Additionally, there is a symmetry constraint, showing that when the original structure has the symmetry properties, the optimized results should keep it.
Related numerical results have show that the mass and stiffness properties of cavity elements should be [9]: (11) Where: E and ρ are elastic modulus and density for cavity element, E0 and ρ0 are elastic modulus and density for entities element.
So that changes of the number and the location for cavity elements don’t affect the quality distribution while doing topology optimization for inner structure.
Gu: Journal of Mechanical Strength.
Guan: Journal of Mechanical Strength.

Controlling Pore Size of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds Fabricated by Electrospinning and Phase Separation Yu Zhou, Qilong Zhao and Min Wanga Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong amemwang@hku.hk Keywords: Electrospinning, Phase separation, Hybrid technique, Pore size, Tissue engineering scaffold.
There are different approaches in tissue engineering, including cell-based tissue engineering, factor-based tissue engineering and scaffold-based engineering.
By using different biocompatible and biodegradable polymers and controlling the electrospinning parameters (polymer solution concentration, applied voltage, solution flow rate, working distance, etc.), scaffolds with different morphology, structure and properties can be obtained.
Parameters such as polymer solution concentration and solvent for making polymer solutions were shown to affect pore sizes in nanofibrous scaffolds.
[6] Tong H W, Wang M, Electrospinning of poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: effects of electrospinning parameters and solution properties, J.

Media was changed every 3 days and the monocytes were allowed to differentiate into functional osteoclasts over a period of 17 days cultured in complete Minimum Essential Medium (α-MEM) consisting of 10% fetal calf serum, 5µg/ml Penicillin, 50U/ml of streptomycin and 1% LGlutamine supplemented with 10 -8 M Dexamethazone, 10 -8 M Vitamin D3 and M-25ng/ml of Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor for the first 7 days. 100ng/ml recombinant human RANKL was added for the following 10 days.The differentiated osteoclasts expressed specific osteoclasts markers like tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and the resorption pits on dentine indicated the functional activity of the cells.
Results and Discussion Titanium based alloys are widely used in orthopaedic implants because of their good mechanical properties.
This crystalline structure as a result of sol - gel coating technique improved the surface morphological properties and this may have a significant influence on the osteoclast behavior [13].
The changes in the surface morphology of the modified Ti-6-Al-4V induced by the osteoclast activity may affect the way osteoblasts interact with coated titanium and how bone is subsequently formed.

Hydrolysis degree is one of the important indexes of polymer quality inspection, it is the important parameter that can effect polymer solution structure, rheological properties and chemical mechanical stability, which is especially important in the application of high temperature and high salt reservoir【3，4】, and it has great reference value to know the polymer form in field and further enhance oil recovery of reservoir after polymer flooding.
HPAM polymers under the condition of high temperature occurred molecular degradation and hydrolytic degradation is the main mechanism of polymer chemical degradation, and it is also the main factor that affects and limits the HPAM polymer application in high temperature and high salinity reservoir, and accurately determining the hydrolysis degree is an important basis for polymer application【5，6】.
Therefore, this article propose to do a system study to the change law of hydrolysis degree of BH heat-resistant polymer, discuss the effect of high temperature hydrolysis on the properties of BH heat-resistant polymer solution, and provides the basis of application of BH heat-resistant polymer for high temperature reservoir.

When the receiver is sustained at 0 K, the spectral energy flux of media 1 at distance d to the surface can be calculated by projecting the time-averaged Poynting vector[11]: (1) Here, Θ(ω, T1）is the mean energy of quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator at frequency ω, temperature T1; Z1(ω, β) can be regarded as an exchange function which provides information on the contribution to the spectral energy flux at a given β.
The reason is that when the distance is 80μm, the effect of wave interference become the dominating factor and most of radiation energy comes from evanescent waves produced by photon tunneling.
This is caused by the properties of surface waves that surface waves propagates along the interface but its amplitude decays exponentially away from surface.
Thus, the excitation frequency of surface phonon polaritons is invariant with temperature, but the intensity of polaritons is affected.
Additionally, the energy emitted by SiC increase rapidly as the temperature rises. 3)The net heat flux is revelent to optical properties of both plates.

Heavy metals are highly mutagenic, carcinogenic, not biodegradable, and are bio cumulative affecting the whole trophic chain.
Wastewater treatment methods can be classified into mechanical, chemical, Physicochemical, physical, and biochemical.
The main factors affecting the efficiency of the electro-flotation process are the current density, pH of the solution, processing time, concentration of the wastewater, type of electrodes, and distance between the electrodes [2].
Besides, current densities in the range of 0.8- 4.8 A/cm2 increased the processing speed without affecting the loading charge necessary to reduce the concentration of metal ions below the permissible legal levels.
Unlike precipitation that forms in sedimentation tanks (humidity 99.9%), flotation sludge is less humid (humidity 92–95%), and has good filtration properties.

Box 00200-62000 Nairobi, Kenya 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O.
Domain shift is brought about by factors such as changing operations which alter the distribution of data thus degrading the performance of learned prognostic models.
Physics based models describe degradation in explicit mathematical formulation and thus rely on complete domain knowledge of the mechanical and physical mechanisms of failure.
Weibul-hazard-functions of the RMS, Kurtosis and Shape factor are used to model degradation.
This characteristic is known as monotonicity and is an inherent property of the indicator itself.

Model Validation Tortuosity is an important parameter to describe the properties of porous media, and many scholars use it to evaluate the diffusion properties of GDL.
Improvement in physical properties of single-layer gas diffusion layers using graphene for proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].
Pore-scale modeling of gas diffusion layers: Effects of compression on transport properties[J].
Anisotropic transport properties of gas diffusion layerbased on pore-scale model[J].
Microstructure reconstruction of the gas diffusion layer and analyses of the anisotropic transport properties[J].

Temperature is one of the most important parameters affecting the stability of nanofluids.
Viscosity is the main factor for momentum transfer between fluid layers.
Based on their study, thermal conductivity is strongly dependent on temperature, particle size, volumetric concentration of particles, particle properties and base fluid properties.
The experiments show that the thermophysical properties of the hybrid nanofluids are strongly affected by the concentration of nanoparticles and temperature, especially at sub-zero temperatures. 2.
Sousa, Hybrid nanofluids preparation, thermal properties, heat transfer and friction factor – A review, Renew.

To make the analysis closer to the actual working conditions, a dynamic load factor is multiplied to correct it.
Mechanical Design, 2005, 22 ( 11 ) :26-28
[4] Feng Xiong, Sensibility Analysis of Mechanical and Geometrical Parameters On Soil Slope Stability[J] .
[5] Xianghua Liu, Kaifeng Zhang and Mingzhe Li, Finite Element Analysis of Dynamic Property of Agricultural Vehicle Frame[J] .
Mechanical Design, 2007, 24 ( 4 ) :60-62.