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PZT thick film material properties are also influenced by the choice of electrode material.
For comparison of material properties single PZT plates of the same material have been characterized as reference samples.
Dielectric properties as well as polarization status are much lower than that of the single PZT components.
First, mechanical clamping of PZT disc by the surrounding LTCC material may cause changes of low signal and high signal properties of LPM.
The clamping of the mirror is a crucial factor since it affects strongly deformation and resonance frequency of the system.

Introduction Due to their excellent mechanical and tribological properties, such as high hardness and elastic modulus, good wear resistance, good corrosion resistance, low friction coefficient and high thermal conductivity, hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) diamond films have been utilized as protective tribo-coatings on cobalt cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co) drawing dies with aiming at lifetime elongation and performance enhancement[1, 2].
Although high-quality microcrystalline diamond (MCD) films deposited by conventional CVD processes have most of the desired properties of natural diamonds, their rough surface morphology will lead to the obvious increase in wear rates and friction coefficient on mating surfaces.
However, NCD films usually contain a high level of intrinsic stress[6] that directly affects their adhesion on substrates.
In hollowing sinking drawing, the production of one USCD coated drawing dies is about 700 tons, comparing to the 20 tons of conventional tungsten carbide dies, increasing by a factor of above 30.

Introduction Design of high-efficiency airfoils and blades with optimum aerodynamic and thermodynamic property is hot issue in the field of aviation manufacturing engineering [1].
Evaluation function Obviously, the fitting effect of to the circle on the plane indicates the property of the assignment for each particle .
When we chose objective points lying on particular arcs of an ellipse, the fitting accuracy was affected such as the cases in Fig.2c and Fig.2d.
For this reason, we propose a constraint factor D to ensure the tangency of the ellipse and the both side of the section curves.
With the stability and accuracy, these good properties expand the scope of application of our method.

Longitudinal crack is such a kind of timber imperfection which may significantly affect the compressive behavior and impair the load carrying of the timber columns.
Zhang et al. 2011[6]) which verify that eccentric compression is an important factor leading to failure and collapse of columns.
Before the gluing of CFRP sheets, the crack was fixed firmly by the same kind of wood and the grains of the additional Table 1: Specimen properties Specimen code Crack type Strengthening type Eccentric distance(mm) Eccentric plane with respect to crack plane 0NN None None 0 ---- 0CN// Crack None 0 parallel 0CN⊥ Crack None 0 perpendicular . 20NN None None 20 ---- 20CN// Crack None 20 parallel 20CC// Crack CFRP 20 parallel 40CN// Crack None 40 parallel 20CN⊥ Crack None 20 perpendicular. 20CC⊥ Crack CFRP 20 perpendicular. 40CN⊥ Crack None 40 perpendicular. 40CC⊥ Crack CFRP 40 perpendicular.
For detailed specimen properties, see Table 1.
It implied that perpendicular condition was much more harmful to mechanical behavior than parallel condition.

The influence of grain size on the mechanical properties of a metal is commonly described by the Hall–Petch formula: (1) where σs is yield strength, d is the grain size, and σ0 and k are positive constants.
Nevertheless, it is of considerable importance to understand the key factors which control the grain size of 5xxx alloys.
Specimens were prepared by mechanical grinding and subsequent polishing with a 30nm solution.
Apparently, the reduction in hardness (driving force) by recovery did not affect the texture significantly even though the grain sizes were coarser than the unrecovered samples.

Grain Refinement Efficiency in Equal Channel Angular Extrusion of FCC Metals Inferred from Crystal Plasticity Simulations of Slip Activities Saiyi Li1, a 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China a saiyi@scut.edu.cn Keywords: Equal channel angular extrusion; Grain refinement; Crystal plasticity; Severe plastic deformation; Strain path Abstract.
Introduction Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) has been successfully applied to improve the mechanical and physical properties of metallic materials through effective grain refinement [1].
While the magnitude of grain refinement generally increases with the accumulated plastic deformation, which in turn depends on the die angle (Φ) and the number of passes, the "processing route" defined according to the rotation (χ) of the workpiece about its longitudinal axis between successive passes (see Fig. 1) is also known to be an important influential factor that has attracted intense research in the past decade.
The unavoidable SPC is an important factor to consider in understanding the grain refinement process during multi-pass ECAE.
Moreover, the grain refinement process may also be significantly affected by the development of deformation and microstructure heterogeneities at various scales, such as the formation of shear bands and deformation bands, which were not considered at all in the present type of simulations.

The most important chemical reactions which are responsible for the behaviour of τ3 with T and affect the fate of Ps are the following: 1) Ps oxidation by the H3O+ ions and OH radicals, 2) ortho-para-conversion of the Ps states due to collisions with OH, hydrated electrons and, less probably, with the radical-cations H2O+.
Finally, we have developed a new version of the Ps bubble model which takes into account a finite size of the e+e- pair and allows to calculate some properties of the Ps bubble state in a medium.
To obtain the ground state parameters of the e+-e- pair in the bubble with the help of the quantum mechanical variational method we have adopted the following expression for the wave function of the pair: = . (13) Here and are standard expressions for the wave functions of e+ and e- in a square-well potential (U, RU), α and a are variational parameters.
N is the normalization factor.
It should be noted that parameters U and RU describing the potential well acting on e+ (the same for e-) differ from those acting on the structureless Ps For “point” Ps the depth of the well is two times deeper then for e+ and thickeness of the electronic layer is less by a factor of two (because of a difference in masses of the particles). .

Also the interfacial properties may be sufficiently different for different joining processes so that composite properties are governed by the interface.
However, due to interdiffusion a degradation of the interfacial properties may result.
The use of thin films allows interfacial properties to account for a larger fraction of the volume of the material; therefore changes in interfacial properties are magnified.
One of these properties that may be different is the electrical resistivity.
For type C kinetics grain boundary diffusion dominates the process with little or no volume diffusion affecting the process.

Dynamic Evaluation of Strength-Structure Properties by the Determination of Activation Volume and Mean Slip Distance S.
Saimoto Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Nicol Hall, Queen's University, 60 Union Street, Kingston, ON, K7L3N6, CANADA.
け, i% , T and しKK are the usual symbolic terms for Burgers vector, shear modulus, shear stress, shear strain and strain-rate, test temperature and the Stage II slope with l as the compensating factor relating the model そm (with l = 1) to the true そ.
Our recent revelation that the mobility of point defects generated by plastic deformation greatly affects the dynamic dislocation-defect interaction [3] has motivated us to examine using the above plots at ambient temperatures where most metal processing and fabrication of metal products are carried out.
The yield stress j0 is defined at 0.02 % tensile strain and the corrected shear stress is given by (j-j0)/M where M is the Taylor factor [1].

Indeed, the failure of CB and power transformers can greatly affects the power delivery.
The “remaining life” of power apparatus and maintenance cost are two most important aspects, which affects the maintenance policies.
The OPEX cost is typically based on a variety of factors such as the number of interventions, the nature of the maintenance works (repair, tuning, greasing, replacement) and maintenance time during which the system is unavailable.
It is a technique that simulates the nature where a new generation is coming from an older generation with more fit properties.
In typical GA implementations, the mutation rate (probability of changing the properties of the gene) is very small and depends on the length of the chromosome.