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The intensity of this diffraction peak is based on the number and distribution of the corresponding atoms in the crystal.
The peaks present in the obtained XRD patterns are well-matched with JCPDS card no. 89-1012 (ZnFe2O4) and 22-1086 (CoFe2O4).
Abrishami, R.Yousefi, X-ray analysis of ZnO nanoparticles by Williamson-Hall and size-strain plot methods, Solid State Sci. 13 (2011) 251-256

Indeed, TiO2 is characterized by low carrier mobility and high production cost, while ZnO has low chemical stability [2,3].
For the sample with 5% oxygen, peaks appear at 2θ = 26.55°, 34.01°, and 51.91°, corresponding to the (110), (101), and (211) planes, respectively, with a tetragonal crystal system and a P 42/mnm space group for the SnO₂ thin films (JCPDS SnO2 01-072-1147 card).
Awwad was funded by the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University under grant number RGP2/144/45.
Banach, “ZnO–SnO2–Sn nanocomposite as photocatalyst in ultraviolet and visible light,” Appl.
Vayssieres, “Growth of arrayed nanorods and nanowires of ZnO from aqueous solutions,” Adv.

As shown in Fig. 1, the product can be indexed to orthorhombic Bi2WO6 phase with lattice parameters of a=0.5437nm, b=1.643nm and c=0.5458nm and a space group of Pca21 (JCPDS Card No. 79-2381).
However, bismuth citrate is a wirelike structure that it is easier to shape into nanoplates, resulting in the increased number of nanoplates in Fig.3d compared to Fig.3b and Fig.3c.
Orthorhombic Bi2WO6, which formed nanoparticles later in the hydrothermal process, is a number of alternating (Bi2O2)n2+ layers and perovskite-like (WO4)n2- layers, stacking along the c axis (step 2 in Scheme 1).
Zeng, Fabrication of ZnO “dandelions” via a modified kirkendall process, J.
Mcdermott, Site-specific nucleation and growth kinetics in hierarchical nanosyntheses of branched ZnO crystallites, J.

SnO2 is a semiconductor material of the n-type that exhibits a comparatively limited number of oxygen adsorption sites in comparison to noble metals.
These peaks align closely with the data found in the JCPD database (JCPDS no. 41-1445), specifically the (110), (101), (200), and (211)-oriented growth patterns.
This decrease in crystallite size is attributed to the increased number of nucleation sites resulting from the higher stacking fault energy caused by copper addition to SnO2.
Wang, One-step CVD growth of ZnO nanorod/SnO2 film heterojunction for NO2 gas sensor, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 373 (2022) 132738–132738
Cui, Core-double shell ZnO@In2O3@ZnO hollow microspheres for superior ethanol gas sensing, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 341 (2021) 130002

Identification of crystalline compounds and phases had been accomplished by comparing the X-ray diffraction pattern of samples with JCPDS standard data.
Starting from x=0, it had noted the formation of single-phase MnFe2O4 and well-matched with the JCPDS card no-010-0319.
Most peaks are corresponding with JCPDS standard data for MnZn-ferrite as shown in Fig.2.
Chaskar, Lignin-Mediated Biosynthesis of ZnO and TiO2 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity, Journal of Composites Science. 3 (2019) 1-13. ].
The force constant for A-sites are nearly equal to force constant for B-sites even as A- sites have four coordination number while B-sites have six coordination number [[] K.V.

This research used the Nd: YAG laser with varying laser energies (300-500) mJ at the number of fixed laser pulses 100 to synthesise cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO NPs) through laser ablation.
As shown in the picture, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of CdO matches the spectrum of the International Centre of Diffraction Data (JCPDS) reference card no. (05-0640).
This reference card corresponds to CdO with a cubic crystalline structure with a facing orientation.
Przeździecka et al., “Influence of the growth temperature and annealing on the optical properties of {CdO/ZnO}30 superlattices,” J.

The detectable (110), (101), (200), (211), (310) and (301) peaks from the patterns of these thin films can be assigned to those of a pure SnO2 tetragonal structure (JCPDS Card No: 46-1088, space group P42/mnm) has been confirmed from matching of observed and standard d (inter planer spacing) values.
The average lattice parameters a = 4.74 Å and c = 3.19 Å are in good agreement with the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) 46-1088 database.
t=Mλ1λ22(λ1n2-λ2n1) (6) where M is the number of oxillations between the two extrema (M=1 between the two consecutive maxima or minima), λ1, n1 and λ2, n2 are the corresponding wavelengths and indices of refraction.
Turki, Study on the doping effect of Sn-doped ZnO thin films, Superlattice Microst, 53 (2013) 213-222 [27] Supriyono, H.

In fact, larger particles upto a few hundreds of nanometers would be still interesting as long as the number of surface atoms is comparable to the number of bulk atoms.
There are three main methods for indexing a diffraction pattern: (i) comparing the measured XRD pattern with the standard data base (JCPDS-cards), (ii) analytical methods, and (iii) graphical methods.
The broadening of the peak is due to a small number of crystal planes.
There are a number of drawbacks to the TEM technique.
This ranges from luminescent paints, protective clothing, signs and house numbers.

For a number of years, nanomaterials have been considered as a perfect solution to maintain the stability of different cultural heritage materials.
For enough years, a large number of nanomaterials has been applied to build up a desirable durability for carbonate monuments and a self-protection against weathering factors.
Fig. 2 (A) EDX spectrum recorded on the plaster sample; (B) XRD pattern obtained on the sample Table 1 SEM-EDS chemical analysis of the archaeological plasters Na2O MgO A12O3 SiO2 K2O CaO TiO2 Fe2O3 2.66 1.44 12.42 25.50 0.76 53.01 1.07 1.90 2.23 2.33 10.77 30.94 1.26 47.62 1.55 2.57 2.19 1.09 10.04 26.02 0.89 55.88 1.62 2.24 1.99 1.76 10.67 22.65 1.21 57.43 0.98 2.31 2.05 2.11 11.54 25.43 1.77 53.86 1.22 1.98 Characterization of the synthesized HAp-NPs X-ray diffraction analysis of the synthesized nanoparticles showed familiar diffraction pattern and peaks orientation of hydroxyapatite (basically of JCPDS card no. 09-0432) (Fig. 3, up).
Ščučka, Photoactive and hydrophobic nano-ZnO/poly(alkyl siloxane) coating for the protection of sandstone, Const.

Heterogeneous photocatalysis mediated by nanosemiconductors such as TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3 and CdS has attracted growing attention for the purification of contaminated water without transfer a primary pollutant into series of toxic materials.
This is in excellent agreement with the JCPDS card (No: 89-4921) corresponding to anatase TiO2.
The probable reason is that, a large number of small organic molecules are produced by photodegradation with the increase of the irradiation time and these small organic molecules adsorb on the surface of TiO2, resulting in the decreased formation of OH• radicals that attack the dyes, and therefore increase in illumination time does not lead to greater photodegradation efficiency of RR-141 and RY-105 solutions.
The increase in the amount of catalyst increases the number of active sites on TiO2 surface that in turn increases the number of OH• and O2− • radicals [26, 27].
Aggregation of TiO2 particles at high concentrations also causes decrease in the number of surface active sites.