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Online since: March 2012
Authors: Vimolvan Pimpan, Datchanee Kraisiri, Nuanphun Chantarasiri
Distanov et. al [9] used 4-aminonaphthalimide in the preparation of bright yellow-green cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate and polycarproamide fibers.
El-Saied: Dyes and Pigments Vol. 54 (2002), p. 1
El-Khoury, S.T.
El-Saied: Dyes and Pigments Vol. 54 (2002), p. 1
El-Khoury, S.T.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Mohd Zubir Mat Jafri, Hwee San Lim, Nasirun Mohd Saleh, Siti Husniah Chumiran, Anuar Mohamad, Azrul Nizam Alias
An itemized of the instruments and information securing strategies was specified by Holben et al. [17, 31].
An accuracy assessment of the AERONET retrievals might be obtain in the work of Dubovik et al. [32].
Ramanathan and e. al., "Aerosols, climate and their hydrological cycle.," Science, vol. 294, 2001
Toledano, et al., "Aerosol optical depth and Angstrom exponent climatology at El Arenosillo AERONET site (Huelva, Spain)," Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 133, 2007
Prats, et al., "Columnar aerosol optical properties during "El Arenosillo 2004 summer campaign"," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 42, pp. 2643-2653, 2008
An accuracy assessment of the AERONET retrievals might be obtain in the work of Dubovik et al. [32].
Ramanathan and e. al., "Aerosols, climate and their hydrological cycle.," Science, vol. 294, 2001
Toledano, et al., "Aerosol optical depth and Angstrom exponent climatology at El Arenosillo AERONET site (Huelva, Spain)," Quarterly Journal Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 133, 2007
Prats, et al., "Columnar aerosol optical properties during "El Arenosillo 2004 summer campaign"," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 42, pp. 2643-2653, 2008
Online since: September 2005
Authors: Hong Gun Kim
Consistent with small strain theory,
}{}{}{
pl
el
ddd eee −=
Based on the thermo-mechanical theory. }{}{}{}{ th pl el d dd d eeee − −=
Temperature dependent properties of 2124 Al alloy are shown as Table 1.
Ji et al., Key Eng.
Povirk et al., Materials Science and Engineering, A132, (1991), p. 31 10.
Based on the thermo-mechanical theory. }{}{}{}{ th pl el d dd d eeee − −=
Temperature dependent properties of 2124 Al alloy are shown as Table 1.
Ji et al., Key Eng.
Povirk et al., Materials Science and Engineering, A132, (1991), p. 31 10.
Online since: September 2023
Authors: Gianmarco Rodrigo Dulanto Cam, Alexandre Almeida Del Savio, Renzo Antonio Chamochumbi Chvedine, Jose Roberto Salinas Saavedra
Furthermore, each health facility must be adjusted to the requirements of the assisted population (Badillo et al., 2021).
All this expenditure must be sized in advance and done correctly (Azhar et al., 2015). 3.2.
· Promote BIM methodology in higher education institutions: education is at the core of the entire BIM evolution in the AIC industry (Del Savio et al., 2022b; Sharaq et al., 2010).
On the other hand, government support is crucial in promoting the implementation of BIM nationwide (Azhar et al., 2015; Nawari, 2012).
Análisis del comportamiento de variables ambientales y sociales como factores de riesgo en la propagación del nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): caso de estudio en el Perú.
All this expenditure must be sized in advance and done correctly (Azhar et al., 2015). 3.2.
· Promote BIM methodology in higher education institutions: education is at the core of the entire BIM evolution in the AIC industry (Del Savio et al., 2022b; Sharaq et al., 2010).
On the other hand, government support is crucial in promoting the implementation of BIM nationwide (Azhar et al., 2015; Nawari, 2012).
Análisis del comportamiento de variables ambientales y sociales como factores de riesgo en la propagación del nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): caso de estudio en el Perú.
Online since: March 2006
Authors: Ouk Sub Lee, Seon Soon Choi, Dong Hyeok Kim
Safety Class
Limit State
Low Normal High
SLS(service-ability limit state)
210−=TPF
3
10−=
T
PF
3
10−=
T
PF
ULS(ultimate limit state)
3
10−=
T
PF
4
10−=
T
PF
5
10−=
T
PF
FLS(fatigue limit state)
3
10−=
T
PF
4
10−=
T
PF
5
10−=
T
PF
ALS(accident-al limit state)
4
10−=
T
PF
5
10−=
T
PF
5
10−=
T
PF
Normalized Margin
The normalized margin(NM) is defined as Eq. (4).
However, it is also recognized, for the two-phase model and the power model, that the Sims narrow model shows the largest probability of failure and the Battelle model estimates the smallest probability of failure with increasing normalized defect length. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 Failure Probability E xposure Tim e from Last Inspection(year) Linear M odel B 31G B attelle B G /D N V C hell M B 31G S h ell92 S im s narrow S im s w ide 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 Failure Probability E xposure Tim e from Last Inspection(year) Tw o P hase M od el B 31G B attelle B G /D N V C hell M B 31G Sh ell92 Sim s narrow Sim s w ide 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 Failure Probability E xposure
Tim e from Last Inspection(year) P ow er M od el B 31G B attelle B G /D N V C h ell M B 31G Sh ell92 Sim s narrow Sim s w ide Fig. 2 Probability of failure vs. exposure time from last inspection for three corrosion models.
Using the data in Table 5 with considering the target safety level, the buried pipeline can be designed and the operating condition can be selected to satisfy the target safety level. 2.6 2.8 3 .0 3.2 3.4 0 .0000 0 .0002 0 .0004 0 .0006 0 .0008 0 .0010 0 .0012 0 .0014 0 .0016 0 .0018 0 .0020 Failure Probability N orm alized D efect Length(L /(D t)^0.5) L in ear M od el B 31G B attelle B G /D N V C h ell M B 31G S h ell92 S im s n arrow S im s w ide 2.6 2.8 3 .0 3.2 3.4 0 .0000 0 .0002 0 .0004 0 .0006 0 .0008 0 .0010 0 .0012 0 .0014 0 .0016 0 .0018 0 .0020 Failure Probability N orm alized D efect Length(L /(D t)^0.5) Tw o -P h ase M o d el B 31G B attelle B G /D N V C h ell M B 31G S h ell92 S im s n arro w S im s w ide 2 .6 2 .8 3 .0 3 .2 3 .4 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 2 0 .0 0 0 4 0 .0 0 0 6 0 .0 0 0 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 1 2 0 .0 0 1 4 0 .0 0 1 6 0 .0 0 1 8 0 .0 0 2 0 Failure Probability N o rm alize d
-18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 -0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020 Failure Probability N o rm alized M argin B 31G M od el L in ear Tw o p hase P o w er -18 -16 -1 4 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 1 E -4 1 E -3 0.01 Failure Probability N o rm alized M argin B 31G M odel Linear Tw o p hase P ow er B est Fit Line_Linear B est Fit Line_Tw o p hase B est Fit Line_P ow er Fig. 5 An example of the relationship between failure probability and normalized margin.
However, it is also recognized, for the two-phase model and the power model, that the Sims narrow model shows the largest probability of failure and the Battelle model estimates the smallest probability of failure with increasing normalized defect length. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 Failure Probability E xposure Tim e from Last Inspection(year) Linear M odel B 31G B attelle B G /D N V C hell M B 31G S h ell92 S im s narrow S im s w ide 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 Failure Probability E xposure Tim e from Last Inspection(year) Tw o P hase M od el B 31G B attelle B G /D N V C hell M B 31G Sh ell92 Sim s narrow Sim s w ide 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.0020 Failure Probability E xposure
Tim e from Last Inspection(year) P ow er M od el B 31G B attelle B G /D N V C h ell M B 31G Sh ell92 Sim s narrow Sim s w ide Fig. 2 Probability of failure vs. exposure time from last inspection for three corrosion models.
Using the data in Table 5 with considering the target safety level, the buried pipeline can be designed and the operating condition can be selected to satisfy the target safety level. 2.6 2.8 3 .0 3.2 3.4 0 .0000 0 .0002 0 .0004 0 .0006 0 .0008 0 .0010 0 .0012 0 .0014 0 .0016 0 .0018 0 .0020 Failure Probability N orm alized D efect Length(L /(D t)^0.5) L in ear M od el B 31G B attelle B G /D N V C h ell M B 31G S h ell92 S im s n arrow S im s w ide 2.6 2.8 3 .0 3.2 3.4 0 .0000 0 .0002 0 .0004 0 .0006 0 .0008 0 .0010 0 .0012 0 .0014 0 .0016 0 .0018 0 .0020 Failure Probability N orm alized D efect Length(L /(D t)^0.5) Tw o -P h ase M o d el B 31G B attelle B G /D N V C h ell M B 31G S h ell92 S im s n arro w S im s w ide 2 .6 2 .8 3 .0 3 .2 3 .4 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 0 2 0 .0 0 0 4 0 .0 0 0 6 0 .0 0 0 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 1 2 0 .0 0 1 4 0 .0 0 1 6 0 .0 0 1 8 0 .0 0 2 0 Failure Probability N o rm alize d
-18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 -0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.020 Failure Probability N o rm alized M argin B 31G M od el L in ear Tw o p hase P o w er -18 -16 -1 4 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 1 E -4 1 E -3 0.01 Failure Probability N o rm alized M argin B 31G M odel Linear Tw o p hase P ow er B est Fit Line_Linear B est Fit Line_Tw o p hase B est Fit Line_P ow er Fig. 5 An example of the relationship between failure probability and normalized margin.
Online since: April 2005
Authors: Toshiyuki Koyama
The elastic strain energy strE is represented as [7,8]
0
1
( ) ( , ) ( , ) , ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
2
el el el c
str ijkl ij kl ij ij ij
E t C t t d t t t
ε ε ε ε ε
= ≡ −
∫r r r r r r r , (5)
where ( , )
el
ij tε r and ijklC are elastic strain and elastic constants, respectively.
This size dependence on ordering of FePt phase has been already observed experimentally by Takahashi et al [17].
The microstructure change in Fig.3 is in good agreement with the experimental results by Ping et al [18].
Since Ullakko et al. found the magnetic shape memory effect in Ni2MnGa alloy, the considerable attention has been focused on clarifying the nature of magnetic field induced gigantic strain and on searching similar ferromagnetic shape memory materials, because the response of magnetic shape memory effect is much faster than that of normal shape memory alloy with thermal treatment [19,20].
This size dependence on ordering of FePt phase has been already observed experimentally by Takahashi et al [17].
The microstructure change in Fig.3 is in good agreement with the experimental results by Ping et al [18].
Since Ullakko et al. found the magnetic shape memory effect in Ni2MnGa alloy, the considerable attention has been focused on clarifying the nature of magnetic field induced gigantic strain and on searching similar ferromagnetic shape memory materials, because the response of magnetic shape memory effect is much faster than that of normal shape memory alloy with thermal treatment [19,20].