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Furthermore, these manufacturing processes always result in poor part properties, such as the reduced material strength.
Parameters Values Material mark AISI 1035 steel Young’s modulus 2×105 MPa Possion ratio 0.3 Material properties C = 700 MPa, N = 0.15 Finite element model.
The unevenness of the compressive stress directly affects the degree of bending of the blank, and the pit finally forms.
China Mechanical Engineering., 27(2016) 3098-3102
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology. 30(2016) 2723-2729.

To achieve the flaw acceptance criteria of girth welds by ECA, a variety of mechanical property tests are performed, such as tensile test, Charpy impact test, fracture toughness test and etc.
A girth weld is located in the mid-length of the specimen, while an artificial machined notch or fatigue sharpened flaw is introduced in the weld centerline or heat- affected zone.
Table 1 shows the mechanical property of the pipe and the weld.
Table1 Material property of the X80 grade pipe and the fabricated girth weld.
(2) (3) (4) (5) Where, is the stress-intensity factor, E is Young’s modulus, ν is Poisson’s ratio, is the depth of the flaw, is the half of the flaw length, and is the pipe thickness.

Thus, Vachálek et al. [17] simulated a mechanical cylinder component manufacturing plant using a DT of this plant using Siemens plant simulation software.
The time required for each manufacturing process was modelled and set on the system following this procedure: · Direct observations of manufacturing cells, to determine the influence factors on task time for each process carried out
The system inputs are the identification code of the orders, the number of parts of each order, and the properties of each part necessary for the calculation of task times.
On the other hand, in the case of the outputs, there is a deviation of approximately 7 minutes on average, because of different external influences that may have affected external factors to the process, as well as uncertainties of the model itself.
In this context, DTs are tools that allow us to know the behavior of all the elements that make up a system by simulating different scenarios, providing the necessary information on how this scenario will affect production, avoiding overruns cost in the plant.

Previous researcher has suggested that the hypersensitive lines are strongly affected by changes in the symmetry of the field on the lanthanide ion [19-20].
Gowda, Effect of Bi3+ Ions on Physical, Spectroscopic and Optical Properties of Nd3+ Doped Sodium Diborate Glasses, Physica B 426 (2013) 58-64
Unnikrishnan, Spectroscopic Properties of Er3+ ions in multicomponent Tellurite Glasses, Journal of Luminescence 159 (2015) 55-65
Huy, Judd-Ofelt Analysis of Spectroscopic Properties of Sm3+ions in K2YF5 Crystal, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 520 (2012) 262-265
Awang, Structural and Optical Properties of Erbium Doped Zinc Sodium Tellurite Glass: Effects of Gold Nanoparticles, (2014) PhD Thesis UTM

The main benefits are improved mechanical properties at reduced weight in comparison with conventional metal parts.
In addition, automated manufacturing processes such as resin transfer moulding or injection moulding are being increasingly used to manufacture complex three-dimensional parts in high unit numbers. [1] The mechanical properties of FRPs are greatly affected by the local fibre orientation or the weaving or breading architecture, the yarn spacing or the local fibre packing density [2].
For materials characterisation there are only a few non-destructive techniques available to analyse these properties.
Using the directional properties of the SDFI, different fibre orientations in the CFRP sample are imaged independently.
[2] Neumeister J., Jansson S., Leckie F, The effect of fiber architecture on the mechanical properties of carbon/carbon fiber composites, Acta Materialia. 44 (1996) 573–585

While selective sulphidation to form a barrier layer sulphide will be governed by the free energy of formation, the kinetics of this selective process and hence the overall rate of sulphidation will be controlled by the defect structure of the sulphides (Table 3), their ability to support fast or slow diffusion rates as measured by self-diffusion coefficients (Table 4) and melting points and mechanical stability indicated by the Pilling-Bedworth ratio.
These properties indicate that the refractory and reactive metal nitrides are highly stable compounds and can be used in coating forms to provide barriers against diffusion and high temperature environmental degradation.
Other factors that need consideration are the mechanical stability of the sulphides (BS) as assessed by the PillingBedworth ratio and the transition between external and internal sulphidation influenced by species permeability, solute diffusivity and other thermodynamic factors determined by the volume fraction of the sulphides present.
Table 3 Physico-chemical properties of sulphides of certain Group III-VI metals Sulphide Pilling-Bedworth ratio Defect structure Melting point (o C) Al2S3 2.60 n-type 1099 TiS2 1.11 n-type 1999-2099 ZrS 1.91 n-type 1549 HfS - - 2100-2273 (est) V2S3 - n-type 1799-1999 NbS2 - n-type - TaS2 2.42 n-type 999 Cr2S3 2.50 (CrS) n/p-type 1550 (CrS) MoS2 3.54 n-type 1457 WS2 3.47 n-type >1800 FeS 2.50 p-type 1189 Co9S8 2.37 p-type 1080 NiS 2.50 p-type 796 Table 4 Self-diffusion coefficients of cations (DM) in some metal sulphides and oxides Sulphide Temperature (o C) DM (cm 2 /s) Oxide Temperature ( o C) DM (cm 2 /s) Cu2+yS 650 5.15 x 10 -5 Cu2-yO 1000 1.7 x 10 -8 Co1-yS 720 7.0 x 10 -7 Co1-yO 1000 1.9 x 10 -9 Ni1-yS 800 1.4 x 10 -8 Ni1-yO 1000 1.0 x 10 -11 Fe1-yS 800 3.5 x 10 -7 Fe1-yO 800 1.3 x 10 -8 Cr2S3 1000 1.0 x 10 -7 Cr2O3 1000 1.0 x 10 -12 Al2S3 600 1.0 x 10 -13 Al2O3 1000 1.0 x 10 -16 Consideration of
It should be pointed out that such localised attack did not affect the overall integrity of the coatings.

Introduction Among promising thermoelectric materials, half-Heusler and full-Heusler systems attracted interest because of i) a large power factor found in some of such systems, even at low temperatures and ii) because of excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability as it is obvious from very high melting temperatures, well above 1000◦C.
This gives rise to either n or p-type dominated electronic transport and allows by doping or substitution to tune the Fermi energy and thus to tailor thermoelectric properties accordingly.
An other alternative are off-stoichiometric systems such as (Fe2/3V1/3)100−yAly [5] which disclose significant changes of physical properties (e.g., the electronic transport changes from p-type to n-type conductivity) by modest changes in concentrations.
Measurements of the various physical properties were carried out with a series of standard techniques [22].
To classify the physical behaviour, specifically the thermoelectric properties, transport phenomena were studied in an extended temperature range and results will be presented and discussed in the remaining part of this section.

The measurement analysis of the different energy consumers of the autoclave at changing the curing parameters (temperature, pressure, time) shows how the settings affect the resource efficiency of curing processes.
Successful curing of CFRP depends on material properties, which are appreciated by the manufacturers.
By appropriate fiber orientation, the anisotropic mechanical properties of the fibers can be used, which has a positive effect on the component strength [7, 8].
The decisive factor is the temperature difference between the ambient and the curing temperature.

Across to the Highway Bridge Besign General Specification which is published in 1989, for all kinds of loads, we need consider different safety factor, and consider two kinds of state, which are serviceability limit states and ultimate limit states the loads combination (Table 1) [3].
The Analysis of Disease Factors The cross-section stress state of the prestressed concrete continuous girder bridge reflects the force state of the bridge in the operation process.
We use positive stress and main stress to show the concrete state, which refer to two main factors--the original bridge stress and the loss of the steel prestress.
So the web inclined cracks and baseboard cracks develop and expand quickly, as so as cross-section stiffness and the trend of mid-span center cross-section deflect acutely, which will affect the structure durability.
Conclusions We build the FuFeng bridge reinforcement model in this article, analyze the original bridge state in operation, the mechanical property before and after reinforcement, prove simulation analysis accuracy and reliability.

Many of the fascinating nanomaterials properties are influenced by surface phenomena; therefore, this work intends to understand and eventually compare surface properties, such as surface energy, surface plasmon resonance and surface charge, of silver and copper nanoparticle containing aqueous suspensions, and to correlate these properties with their efficacy against fungal (C. albicans) and bacterial (S. aureus) biofilms.
Materials and Methods Physical properties.
Several characterization approaches were used to collect details of the physical properties of Ag and Cu colloidal water.
Cao, Nanostructures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, Imperial College Press, London, UK, 2004
Zhang, Optical Properties and Spectroscopy of Nanomaterials, World Scientific Publishing Co, United States of America, 2009