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After each phase of the damaging, strong kinematic motions, a phase of low intensity, diagnostic excitations was carried out to detect changes of modal properties.
This was carried out by applying the same seismic signal multiplied by an increasing factor.
Each phase of strong excitations was followed by various low level, diagnostic excitations (as for the intact frame) to investigate the changes done to modal properties of the frame.
The effects of these changes on dynamic properties of reinforced concrete structures are subject of recent research (e.g. [8, 9]) aimed at developing methods for non-destructive damage evaluation for these types of structures.
Shevitz: Damage identification and health monitoring of structural and mechanical systems from changes in their vibration characteristics: a literature review (Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-13070- MS, 1996)

Zhangc School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia a a.pramanik@unsw.edu.au, bmei.liu@student.unsw.edu.au, cLiangchi.Zhang@unsw.edu.au Keywords: Silicon on sapphire; thin film; defects; residual stress Abstract.
When sapphire is used as a substrate, because of its high insulation property and low parasitic capacitance, it can provide lower power consumption, higher frequency and better linearity and isolation than the bulk silicon.
An SOS deposition process is complex and is influenced by many factors.
On the other hand, it has been reported that SOS wafers can also be prepared by a direct wafer bonding method [17], in which a thin silicon wafer is first bonded to a polished sapphire substrate and then is further thinned down to a required thickness (e.g., ≈ 10 µm) by mechanical grinding and chemical etching.
Residual Stresses Characterization A high level of residual stresses can affect the electrical and mechanical properties of a device based on the SOS technology [30].

Introduction Advanced tempered martensitic 9-12%Cr steels [1-9] are favoured for high temperature applications, such as boiler and turbine components in fossil fired power plants which operate in the creep range at temperatures up to 650°C, due to their excellent combination of mechanical and oxidation-resistant properties.
Perhaps the most important factor governing the creep properties of these steels is the long-term stability of their microstructure.
Simultaneously with the subgrain coarsening a change in the subgrain shape factor occurs indicating that the subgrains try to approach the equiaxed shape.
It was found that W precipitates as intermetallic Laves phase during creep exposure, but the loss of tungsten from solid solution does not seem to affect long-term creep stability.
No significant deterioration of the creep properties was found for the steels P91, P92 and E911 under temperature-cycled creep loading in power-law creep.

Studies on the correlation between mechanical deformations and electronic properties of single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) have shown that such materials can be used effectively for strain sensing.
Lynch et al.[16] have observed that the cementitious materials (e.g. fiber reinforced cementitious composites (FRCC)) are semi-conducting materials and they exhibit piezoresistive properties when mechanically loaded.
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a multi-variate statistical method that can help to reduce the effect of these factors when identifying structural parameters for damage detection.
This statistically-based analysis has been used to accomodate the effects of environmental factors that affect the behavior of the structure [40].
Wu: Mechanical Systs. and Sgnl.

The “water factors” which caused expansive soil cutting bed diseases, in addition to rain and also affected by the climate of the foundation soil moisture redistribution[4].Anh-minh Tang, etc[5] found that bed’s deformation will be cyclical fluctuations as the change of climate when they study the expansive soil cutting bed disease of the high-speed railway near the Montelimar city.
A lot of theoretical analysis [9-10], numerical simulation [11] and field tests showed that [12,13], by the influence of swelling, drainage condition, initial humidity[14],waterproof layer buried depth and stiffness factors, the deformation of expansive soil foundation under the influence of the climate [12] with significant ,Inhomogeneity and last for a long time, and uneven deformation of foundation soil, then these inhomogeneous deformation cause drainage cross bedding slope is reduced, flexible waterproof layer is uneven, make the bed, poor drainage, water, and eventually led to the bed in the train dynamic load under the action of repeated produce disease [16].Therefore, in expansive soil region, the railway cutting bed waterproof layer of surface water, not only to be able to partition shall also have the certain stiffness to coordinate basal expansive soil due to climate change and the inhomogeneous deformation, to ensure the smooth lines.
The mechanical parameters are shown in table 1, in line with the design requirements.
The foundation soil was taken from Yun-Gui railway - strong expansive soil roadbed in worksite of expansive soil, it’s basic mechanical indexes are shown in table 2, the model of specific size and component layout is shown in figure 3
For further testing of the waterproof layer, whether there is a slight crack tester used the method that take the membrane surface edge with water and with a magnifying glass look carefully, we found no micro cracks in the waterproof layer, therefore, the waterproof layer has properties fatigue resistance

Abstract: The process beneficiation of minerals such as the tantalum and niobium ores may vary significantly and the final sequence of steps normally depends on the physiochemical properties.
These properties are often utilised in designing a processing route.
The successful beneficiation of tantalum and niobium ores may vary significantly and its success normally depends on the physiochemical properties (of the ore) such as the presence of radioactive materials, its response to a magnetic field (removal of the magnetic particles), the Ta and Nb content and finally the nature of the ore.
The minerals’ characterization as studied by Nete et al [4], revealed only the physical properties of the samples.
A recent study by Nete et al [12] has investigated the influence of other experimental factors such as temperature and sulphuric acid concentration.

They differ in obstacle and recovery characteristics from low-angle boundaries, which explains the special properties of ultrafine-grained and nanocrystalline materials with regard to strength, strain rate sensitivity and ductility. iii) Phase boundaries in Ni-base superalloys enhance the strengthening by hard phases with strengthening by dense dislocation networks serving to reduce coherency stresses.
However, the long-range stress fields are not affected by formation of a finite wall (which may be regarded as a dipole of two disclinations).
Phase boundaries are existing in the vast majority of industrial materials which contain particles of foreign phases for reasons of strength or functional properties.
The steady-state deformation rate is overestimated in the limiting case of low stresses σ≈10−5G by a factor of about 50.
McQueen in: "Dynamics of recovery and recrystallization", Aluminium Alloys, Their Physical and Mechanical Properties - Proceedings ICAA5, ed.

Further, also the effects on pore characteristics can be assessed, which are relevant for transport-based durability properties of cementitious materials.
Of course, shape is also an important factor, however to a smaller degree in the case of cement blending.
So, this factor will be ignored in this paper.
The hydraulic properties of such small pores will probably be so much more unfavorable in the transport system underlying transport-based durability problems, that they can be ignored.
Mehta, Chemical and Physical Effects of Silica Fume on the Mechanical Behavior of Concrete, ACI Mater.

Research on Low Temperature Anodic Bonding Based on Interface Pretreatment of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Pan Mingqiang1,2, a, Sun Linning1,2,b, Wang Yangjun1,2,c, Liu Jizhu1,2, Chen Tao1,2, Liu Huicong1,2,and Chen Liguo1,2 1 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China 2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Robotics Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China apmqwl@163.com, blnsun@hit.edu.cn, cWangyangjun@suda.edu.cn (corresponding author) Keywords: Composite anodic bonding; Interface pretreatment; Dielectric barrier discharge; Plasma activation Abstract.
According to the gas properties, operating parameters, and boundary conditions, DBD can exhibit pronounced filamentary characteristics, self-organized regular-discharge patterns, or completely diffuse appearance [8-10].
The bonding strength is a very important factor relating to bond quality and reliability.
It directly affects the other bonding parameters such as voltage and surface roughness of bonding pairs.
[2] Enikov T E, Boyd J G, A thermodynamic field theory for anodic bonding of micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS).

There are numerous levers and constraints affecting the sustainability of electric motors.
As can be seen, there are numerous sustainability aspects affecting electric motors.
The mechanical commutation requires brush contacts, which makes DC motors maintenance-intensive and affects resource efficiency negatively.
This is why a convection oven only reaches an efficiency factor of approximately 40 % [53].
By measuring, clustering and interim stocking of each individual magnet, the variations of the magnetic properties can be compensated by a proposed selective magnet assembly.