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Since this period, the superplastic properties of titanium, aluminium and magnesium alloys have been widely investigated.
In the case of titanium alloys, superplastic properties of alloys elaborated by powder metallurgy have been also recently reported [6,7].
Studies showed also that the cavity growth rate is influenced by many factors, like grain size, temperature, strain rate or strain [53,54].
Pearson, The viscous properties of extruded eutectic alloys of lead-tin and bismuth tin, J.
Benson, Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials, Progress in Materials Science 51 (2006) 427-556

This lack of assistance has detrimental consequences on the proper planning and management of HAZOP studies, which remains one of the crucial factors for better effectiveness and good reliability of the results [7; 21].
Classes (also called concepts) describe objects or things that share common properties. 3) Defining properties.
Properties are used to describe attributes of classes, and to describe relationships between classes/individuals and data values in order to describe specific requirements. 4) Creating restrictions.
Filling in specific properties in conformity with specified restrictions leads to creating a knowledge base.
Restoring nominal production process requires a significant period of time, which may affect manufacturing lead time and cause further delays with customers.

The wastewaters containing dyes diminish the transparency of the water and affect the growth of the organisms in the water [1].
Large specific surface area, chemical and mechanical stability, layered structure, high cation exchange capacity (CEC), etc., have made the clays excellent adsorbent materials [5].
As can be seen from Fig. 2, the microstructure and surface properties of the sepiolite and the rectorite are quite different.
The essential characteristic of a Langmuir isotherm, related to the isotherm shape, can be expressed in terms of a dimensionless constant separation factor, also called equilibrium parameter, RL, which is defined according by the following equation [13]: RL=1/(1+kbC0) (4) The value of RL indicates the nature of the adsorption process to be either favorable (0< RL <1), unfavorable (RL > 1), linear (RL =1) or irreversible (RL = 0).

Chang 1, b 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan a yytsai@ntu.edu.tw, b r95522719@ntu.edu.tw Keywords: abrasive, polymer, soft particles, hard particles, PMDEDM Abstract.
Powder-Mixed Dielectric Electric Discharge Machining (PMD-EDM) has been generally regarded as an effective way to improve the surface properties, due to increasing the spark gap and widening the discharging passages [2].
It was found that the concentration, size, density, electric resistance and thermal conductivity of powders would affect the machining performance significantly.
Table 1 Experimental parameters of particles mixed dielectric Working Factor Working Condition Electrode Copper Work-piece Stainless steel (SUS304) Discharge Voltage 250V Capacitance 0.01μF Rotation Speed 200 rpm, 2000rpm Working Fluid Silicone oil Particles soft particles Starch (Mw~107~10 9) Polyaniline emeraldine base (Mw~65000) Polyaniline emeraldine salt (Mw>15000) hard particles Aluminium(Al) Silicon (Si) Alumina (Al2O3) Concentration of Powder 0g/l, 2g/l, 6g/l, 10g/l Abrasive Alumina (Al2O3), 6g/l The parameters used in the experiments were listed in Table 1.

Study of the precursory rules As they are naturally heterogeneous objects, the mechanical properties of coal and rock are discrete [7].
Based on the above results, the destruction of the sample surface was mainly affected by the relative sliding component as loading began, and the relative tension component did not participate significantly.
As the load continued to increase, the relative tension component increased rapidly and became the dominant factor in the deformation damage, while the relative sliding component changed more gently.

Introduction Silicon carbide (SiC) is an excellent material for high-power and high-temperature applications due to its attractive mechanical and electrical properties.
As an order of magnitude is observed for the SCR values, according to the post-implantation annealing temperature, the results let us suppose that the activation is severely affected by the temperature.
(1) Where ND is the donor concentration, g is the degeneracy factor, NC is the effective density of states in the conduction band, kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is the measured temperature in Kelvin.

The Double-K fracture model The Double-K model contains two material parameters; the first is called the initiation stress intensity factor KIcini, which defines the onset of cracking, and the second the unstable fracture toughness KIcun, which defines the onset of unstable cracking or failure.
Since in the Double-K model it is necessary to use proper compliance and shape functions according to the test configuration and material properties, these functions were determined based on numerical simulations using the final element method according to [4].
wc [mm] Volumetric dosage of fibres 0 % 0.5 % 1.0 % 2.0 % H0 0.217 (9.9) | 1.00 − − − H1 − 0.788 (8.9) | 3.64 2.180 (13.9) | 10.1 3.246 (12.6) | 15.0 H2 − 0.733 (17.7) | 3.38 1.636 (8.7) | 7.55 − H4 − 0.657 (15.6) | 3.03 − 4.049 (34.8) | 18.7 Summary The volumetric dosage and length of hemp fibres added to the plain concrete matrix significantly affects all its mechanical fracture parameters, whereas the fibre dosage has substantially more influence than its length.

Introduction Fracture strength is one of the most important mechanical properties for brittle materials such as ceramics.
In this simplified test, the time to fracture was around 1-2 seconds, so that slow crack growth did not affect the strength data.
We can see R2 (square of correlation factor) is larger than 0.9 in all plots, indicating that data fitting is very good.

Introduction Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991 [1], One-dimension (1D) nanomaterials such as nanotubes, nanowires and nanorods have attracted extensive interest because of their novel chemical and physical properties, as well as wide-ranging applications in electronic, optical, mechanical, and bioscience applications [2-7].As a result, diverse synthetic routes have been directed to achieve 1D nanostructures such as sol-gel route, hydrothermal method, solid-state method, vapor-liquid-solid (VLS), etc [8-11].
In further experiment, we found that the amount of Na2CO3 presented in the parent solution is also an important factor which affected the morphologies of the products.
Hence, the presence of CO32- in the parent solution and the ultrasound irradiation are important factors for the nucleation and growth of 1D MSn(OH)6 (Ba, Ca, Sr) nanostructures.

., Poland 2Opole University of Technology, Mechanical Department, 5 Mikołajczyka St., 45-271 Opole, Poland 3Université Paris-Sud, ICMMO, CNRS UMR 8182, Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l’Etat Solide, Orsay, F-91405, France Keywords: Orientation Imaging Microscopy, texture, AA3104 aluminum alloy, microstructure, severe plastic deformation Abstract.
Introduction Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is very often used for the improvement of strength properties of aluminium alloys by converting the conventional coarse-grained metals into ultra-fine grained materials [1, 2].
However, the temperature stability of these structures (i.e. resistance to coarsening) is one of the most important factors determining the ability of the material to ‘conserve’ fine grains in the further hot shaping [3-6].
For both modes of deformation, the presence of large second phase particles (LSPP) is the main common factor influencing structure refinement.
It is well-know that non-deformable, large second phase particles strongly affect the deformation process by the occurrence of deformation zones around them.