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In view of the above results it is interesting to see how magnetic field affects the transformation in alloy steels which contain a carbide-forming element.
At higher temperatures the carbide formation may play a significant role and can be another factor controlling the temperature and depth of the bay.
The results at lower temperatures were discussed in terms of thermodynamic effects of applied field on the a/g phase equilibrium and coupled-solute drag effects assuming that carbon and Mo diffusivities and the energies of interfacial segregation are not affected by the applied field.
Aaronson, in: Mechanical Properties and Phase Transformations in Enginering Materials, eds.

Box 49, Roskilde, Denmark a amit.puri01@imperial.ac.uk, balexander.fergusson01@imperial.ac.uk, ciain.palmer02@imperial.ac.uk, dAndy.P.Morris@eon-uk.com, efind.moehlholt.jensen@risoe.dk, f j.dear@imperial.ac.uk Keywords: optical correlation, sandwich structures, bending, failure (mechanical) Abstract.
Introduction The use of lightweight composite materials is an integral factor for aerodynamic applications, such as wind turbine blades.
However, the failures processes observed were affected by the specimen shape and loading configuration.
References [1] DNV and RISO: Guidelines for Design of Wind Turbines, Scanprint, Denmark, (2002) [2] ASTM International: ASTM C393 Standard Test Method for Core Shear Properties of Sandwich Constructions by Beam Flexure, (2000) [3] GOM mbH: ARAMIS user manual, GOM mbH, (2005) [4] M.

Dynamic properties for the Ruaumoko model were calibrated with elastic models and vibration tests.
Probabilistic damage evaluation A probabilistic evaluation of the damage was considered to include the uncertainty of the external load and the mechanical properties of materials used in the Despeñadero Bridge.
Probabilistic description of the mechanic properties Variable Description Mean CV Distribution f’c (KPa) Concrete compressive strength 28890 0.064 Normal Ec (KPa) Concrete elastic modulus 22000000 0.077 Lognormal Wc (KN/m3) Concrete specific weight 24 0.040 Normal fy (KPa) Steel yield stress 412020 0.064 Normal fu (KPa) Steel ultimate stress 618030 0.064 Normal Es (KPa) Steel elastic module 210000000 0.080 Lognormal Ws (KN/m3) Steel specific weight 77 0.010 Normal Results for the original structure.
With the original seismic scenarios, only small damages were registered by the C1 reinforcing steel option (for other analyses null damage were registered), so ground accelerations of seismic records were affected by a factor of two.

Wurtzite GaN possesses outstanding physical and chemical properties, such as wide bandgap (~3.5 eV at room temperature), high peak and saturation carrier velocity, large intrinsic dielectric breakdown field, good thermal conductivity, high melting point, high degree of hardness, and good thermal, chemical and mechanical stabilities.
Due to these properties, GaN is an excellent candidate material for applications in advanced optoelectronics and high-power, high-temperature and highfrequency electronic devices.
At the damage peak, the conversion factors R/ 0N from fluence in ions/nm2 to dose in dpa for the irradiation conditions used in this study are listed in Table 1.
The surface of GaN serves as an effective sink for trapping the mobile defects, which can significantly affect the local dynamic recovery and precipitation processes.
The low sputtering rates also do not significantly affect the depth dependence of dose.

Moreover, the range of candidate materials has been extended by introducing oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) steels to improve creep properties and radiation tolerance [6-8].
The ratio between the high-momentum parts of the annihilation line, which are mainly affected by annihilation with core electrons (outer shaded areas in Fig. 2), to the entire line area forms the W parameter.
This Coincidence Doppler Broadening Spectroscopy (CDB) improves the peak-to-background ratio by more than two orders of magnitude and the energy resolution of the measurements by a factor of allowing a much more exact characterization of positron annihilation with electrons having higher momentum and therefore more exact determination of the chemical surrounding.
Konobeev, The microstructure and tensile properties of Fe-Cr alloys after neutron irradiation at 400°C to 5.5-7.1 dpa, J.
Almazouzi, Effect of Cr on the mechanical properties and microstructure of Fe–Cr model alloys after n-irradiation, J.

This zone is easily affected by any external factors such as wind and rain.
To avoid any disturbance in the medium and any change in the properties, the sensor probe is moved slowly and is programmed to stop exactly at the desired position without any overshoots or corrections.
[13] Malik, N., An investigation into the chemistry and biology of salinity gradient solar ponds in relation to their stability and efficiency, in School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering2011, RMIT University: Melbourne, Australia. p. 172

The results reveal that the fluid flow is clearly affected by the physical parameters such as thermal and concentration buoyancy parameter.
It is clear that the results obtained won't simply give important information to mechanical applications and also supplement the current writing.
Vaidya, MHD Squeeze flow and heat transfer of a nanofluid between two parallel disks with variable fluid properties and transpiration, Journal of Nanofluids, 7.3, (2017) 583-594
Manjunatha, Neelufer Z Basha, Boungiorno model for MHD nanofluid flow between rotating parallel plates in the presence of variable liquid properties, Journal of nanofluids, 8.2 (2019) 399-406
Abelman, Investigation of entropy generation in MHD and slip flow over a rotating disk with variable properties, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 70 (2014) 892-917

This will occur whatever the robot's current groundspeed Vx, whatever disturbances (such as wind) affect that speed, and whatever disturbances (such as a gently sloping terrain) affect the robot's current groundheight h: in all cases, the optic flow regulator will automatically generate a groundheight proportional to the groundspeed.
It does so at any groundspeeds, raising the robot in proportion to its current groundspeed - whatever internal or external factors affect the latter - without ever measuring groundspeed or groundheight at all [60].
This property makes the principle appealing for accurate stabilization of various platforms [67], as well as for nonemissive power line detectors on-board fullscale helicopters [68].
More recently we introduced a mechanical decoupling between eye and body, and implemented a vestibulo-ocular reflex that was key to maintaining the robot's gaze perfectly fixed on the target [69].

In the present case, the maximum admissible intrusion has been taken equal to δlmax = 48 mm for reasons related to design criteria of cars.A design vector x has been selected for the proposed example, with two design variables: x1 is a toughness indicator, related to the plastic material properties of the outer steel skin; the other variable x2 is a shape factor, related to its geometry.
According to the assumed combination of the linkage (or "second-stage") (7) and "first-stage" (3) models, the metamodel obtained via data fusion allows to predict a process realization at each new location x0 as:byh(x0) = bρ(x0)byl(x0) + bδ0 + (bσ2δbrδ + bσ0)' bΣ −1 h (yh − bP byl − bδ01nh) (10) where rδ = Corr(yh, yh(x0)), σ0 is a vector with entries σ0i = ρ(xi) · ρ(x0) · Cov(byl(xi), byl(x0)) ∀ i = 1, . . . , nl, yh = (yh(x1), yh(x2), . . . , yh(xnh))' are the observed Hi-Fi experimental values, P is a diagonal matrix with entries ρ(xi), i = 1, . . . , nh given in equation (8), Σh is the variancecovariance matrix of the model and 1nh ∈ Rnh is a vector of ones.Model comparison The purpose of this paper is to compare the predicting ability of the fusion model in different scenarios: in one case (scenario c, calibrated), the FEM simulations have been calibrated by tuning the material properties (K and n) of the tubular materials.
In the other scenario (nc, non-calibrated), the K and n values have been calculated using the nominal properties of the materials.
Table 1: p-value of the difference between the models and the experiments Index fusnc fusc deltafus 1 0.6441 0.7743 0.5728 2 0.0077 0.0006 0.7753 3 0.0853 0.3240 0.2757 4 0.0010 0.1995 0.2987 5 0.0777 0.4665 0.5408 6 0.5400 0.0445 0.7684 7 0.8139 0.0023 0.1894 8 0.9706 0.2702 0.6053 9 0.6751 0.1810 0.8755 To verify that the choice of the variance-covariance matrix does not affect the results, we repeated the analysis with the powered exponential covariance function: Cov[η(xi), η(xj)] = σ2ηrη(xi, xj) = σ2η exp {−d(xi, xj)} . (12) where rη(xi, xj) is a correlation function that it is dependent on the distance between two distinct points xi and xj.
In: ASME Journal of Mechanical Design 128 (2006), pp. 668-677

Many of the interesting properties of solids are controlled by the imperfections in the crystal rather than by the perfect crystal.
It can be described in a general way with the following properties.
Stacking faults are rather widespread crystal structure violations largely responsible for the degree of perfection and physico-mechanical properties of crystals.
The first major effort to calculate the properties of point defects was published by Huntington [3-4].
Vashishta and Singwi [115] and Taylor [119] explain metallic properties of simple metals.