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Mohammed1,a, Nur Irmawati Om2,b, Mazlan A.Wahid 1,c 1Department of Thermofluids, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia 2Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia ahussein.dash@yahoo.com; bnur_emma86@yahoo.com, cmazlan@fkm.utm.my Keywords: Combined convection, inclined rectangular duct, nanofluids, heat transfer enhancement.
Past studies showed that nanofluids exhibit enhanced thermal properties, such as higher thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid.
The thermophysical properties of the nanofluids are affected by buoyancy force and it is given in Table 1.
Properties Base fluid (water) Au CuO SiO2 TiO2 ρ (kg/m3) 996.54 1912.245 1272.245 1057.245 1159.745 Cp (J/kg.K) 4180.2 2133.684 3248.279 3817.343 3539.014 κ (W/m.K) 0.6 0.709195 0.701002 0.635521 0.691557 μ (Ns/m2) 0.008532 0.001128 0.001128 0.001128 0.001128 β (1/K) 0.0002754 0.00011 0.000155 0.000186 0.000169 The dimensionless forms are interpreted as follows: X = x / Dh;Y = y / Dh;Z = z / Dh;Z* = Z / Pr ; U = u/ui;V = v/νi;W = w/wi ; θ = T / Tw; θi = Ti / Tw In above governing equations and in Table 1, the following equations were used to calculate the thermophysical properties of nanofluids as: The dynamic viscosity is calculated using the following equation as given by Corcione [24]: μnf= μf1-34.87 (dp/df)-0.3φ1.03 (7) Where df is the equivalent diameter of a base fluid molecule, and it is given by df=(6M/N π ρfo)1/3 in which M is the molecular weight of the base fluid, N is the Avogadro number, and ρfo is the mass density of the base fluid.
Comparison of the present results with the results of Chiu et al. [14], (a) Dimensionless temperature distribution, (b) Nusselt number, (c) friction factor Results and discussion The heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in inclined rectangular duct using nanofluidsare presented in this section in terms of Nusselt number and pressure drop.

Traditional materials such as gold and silver are most commonly used owing to their excellent conductive properties.
Traditional materials, such as gold and silver, are widely used owing to their excellent conductive properties.
CNTs are cylindrical nanostructures composed of carbon atoms with remarkable electron transport properties.
These hybrid structures can be tailored to optimize specific properties, such as conductivity, plasmonic response, and mechanical flexibility [38].
Factors such as material imperfections, fabrication inconsistencies, and environmental conditions affect the global performance of nanoantenna systems.

This chapter focuses on CPG system CaO-P2O5-CaF2-MgO-ZnO developed by us since 1998, including description of preparation and properties, in vitro cell response and tissue response of these CPG glasses.
Dissolution property Dissolution properties of CPG powders (<10µ) were investigated in acidic buffer solutions such as 0.1M tris-aminomethane (pH 3 and 7.3) and in 0.1M potassium acetate (pH 6 ) at 37 o C with powder to liquid ratio of 25mg/50 mL of each buffer solution, stirring at 500 rpm [12].
The heating rate of as-dried porous samples turned out to be one of the important factors for obtaining successful results.
Preparation and properties of calcium phosphate glass ceramics for castable dental crowns.
Factors controlling the fracture resistance of brittle cellular materials.

At the transition to the substrate, there is only a small heat-affected zone, which indicates only minor damage to the substrate material due to the process.
As a key factor for the deposition of sound layers, the distance between adjacent weld beads was varied for different parameter sets.
In this context, in-depth investigations of the mechanical and microstructural part properties will also be performed.
Zhang, Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties, Progress in Materials Science 92 (2018), pp. 112–224
Thompson, An overview of Direct Laser Deposition for additive manufacturing; Part II: Mechanical behavior, process parameter optimization and control, Additive Manufacturing 8 (2015), pp. 12–35

The studies have focused on the upper part structure used to withstand normal use stage properties, the wind load, seismic load and the carrying capacity.
The disadvantage of the method is that the permeability of the use of space could be affected.
The length of the structure affects the ways of setting the horizontal beam or truss.
So the horizontal thrust is well disposed and won’t affect the use of space. 5.
It will not occupy much construction site and affect other construction processes.

The simulation can be used to predict the velocity, pressure, and other fluid properties at different points within the microchannel.
The accuracy of CFD simulations depends on the quality of the model input, including boundary conditions and fluid properties [17].
Laminar flow and incompressible fluid, constant 3D flow and heat change, temperature dependence of the physical characteristics of water, including its density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and minimal radiation heat transmission are all factors to consider.
Because fluid properties associated to heat movement, such as viscosity and thermal conductivity, changed with temperature, Figure 8 shows that the Nusselt number grew along with the mass flux without ever reaching a maximum.
Microfluidic‐based approaches in targeted cell/particle separation based on physical properties: Fundamentals and applications.

Various features of the microstructure play a determining role for the (mechanical) properties [1,2], like the volume fractions of phases, grain-size distributions, composition and composition gradients, stability of meta-stable phases, continuity of phases, crystallographic texture, deformation defects, etc.
The balance between strength and ductility in mechanical properties is well controlled and third-generation high-strength steels, which are presently in development, are aimed to bring the combinations of strength and ductility for low-alloy steels to a higher level in the range of strength up to 1500 MPa and ductility up to 50% (see figure 1 [3]).
In ref. [61] also 3D Phase-Field simulations have been presented, with similar agreement with experiments, of which the resulting microstructures were used as input for Finite-Element modelling of mechanical properties.
The strength of such models is that microstructural processes can be identified that are experimentally very difficultly accessible (like the carbon enrichment of ferrite in figure 9) and that a direct link can be made with (Finite-Element) models to simulate the mechanical properties.
This link, although not discussed in this paper, completes the crucial sequence processing-microstructure-properties.

An excessive thickness difference leads to remelting effects after the casting gap or mechanical failure of the cast strip in the thick regions of the profile.
The precision and reliability of non-contact temperature measurements depends on several factors and on the type of instrument used.
Uncertainty in the emissivity of the surface and in the actual transmissivity of the optical path dividing measuring sensor and target object heavily affect the temperature readings.
The numerical discretization is based on a one-dimensional CrankNicolson finite difference scheme with temperature dependent thermal properties implemented in Matlab.
Chemical composition and thermal properties of the material AISI 304 C Si Mn Cr Ni TLiquidus TSolidus ΔHTr Unit [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [°C] [°C] [kJ/kg] Value 0.084 0.37 1.22 17.25 8.3 1458 1400 254 During the solidification phase the average heat flux between melt and casting rolls, measured during the casting experiments through the cooling water flow and its temperature change, regardless of the coating, has an order of magnitude of 10 MW/m2 and takes place in a time shorter than 0.8 s.

Consequently, this significantly affects the transition layer formation, its size and geometry (Fig. 1).
However, in our opinion, these statements do not fully cover the entire range of influencing parameters, but reflect only a part of the influencing factors.
When choosing the temperature for pouring cast iron, factors such as the thickness of the billet and its temperature, the chemical composition of the cast iron and the thickness of the layer to be poured (second) are taken into account.
Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering, 13 (2018) 37–47
Zhu, Additive manufacturing of steel–bronze bimetal by shaped metal deposition: interface characteristics and tensile properties, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 69 (2013) 2131–2137

The reac-tivity of bromine is due to two factors: the endothermicity of the stage of detachment of the hydrogen atom by the bro-mine radical; selectivity of the bromine atom with respect to the site of attack - it interacts only with tertiary hydrogen at-oms in the molecule of the limiting hydrocarbon [13].
The process stage diffusional or chemical practically does not affect the sensitivity of the method and the leakage measurement time.
Chemical balance, property of solutions.
Mechanical engineering.