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(6) where N is the number points; E is the experimental flow stress; P is the prediction flow stress by Fields-Backofen model.
Shayanpoor, “New constitutive equation utilizing grain size for modeling of hot deformation behavior of AA1070 aluminum,” Trans.

Therefore, to break the water steam by increasing spraying pressure and to increase the direct heat exchange area between cold water and hot strip by a large number of nozzles are the effective solutions to improve the heat transfer dramatically [7].
When strip entering cooling zone, fast cooling is applied to promote ferrite grain refinement, starting from strained austenite, and increase the micro-alloying elements precipitation hardening.

However, a number of research works on infiltrated MMCs have been unsuccessful without binders.
They have found that the reinforcement particles agglomerated forming clusters preferentially located at the grain boundaries or the interdendritic regions.

The separation between low field FCH and ZFCH susceptibilities near TC is observed even in a pure ferromagnet due to pinning of magnetic flux at the defect sites (say, grain boundaries) in presence of magneto-crystalline anisotropy.
The martensite is developed with large number of structural variants, which can act as magnetic pinning centers.

Hence, a large number of studies had been undertaken to find ideal tool steel microstructures.
The MC, M2C, and M6C carbides are formed preferentially in the austenite grain boundaries.

Sample number V: Cu (target area) Thickness (nm) Atomic radio A 1:0 201 V2O5 B 8:1 210 VCu1.6O3 C 6:1 206 VCu3.55O4.88 Fig. 1 Structure of VCuxOy films.
The SEM results show that with the increasing of doping coppers, the V2O5 grains became more flat and smooth.

The reinforcement is a particulate Aluminium Nitride with grain size ranging <10 µm and purity of >98%, and fabricated using stir casting method.
Int. of mechanical and material engineering (IJMME), (2009) Vol 4, No 2, 115-117 [8]MetinKok, International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, Volume 17, number 3, (2010) June, page 353, DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0318-4 [9]R.Venkatesh, A.M.

This assay is based on the reduction of the number of planktonic cells in the solution due to the attachment of the bacteria to a mineral sulfide substratum [3,6].
Ground FeS2 was wet sieved to a grain size of 50-100 µm (Test sieves, Retsch, Germany).

., LTD, BT-05, grain size: 0.5um) was used as a raw powder for the film deposition using ADM.
Akedo ; Material Science Form, 449, 43 (2004) E-mail: mihara.k.aa@m.titech.ac.jp Fax Number: +81-3-5734-2514

A large number of stress vs. crack opening data points measured at different locations and times are obtained during the steady-state crack propagation of each MD run.
To solve this problem, Yamakov [27] developed a MD model for crack propagation under steady-state conditions to analyze intergranular fracture along grain boundary in aluminum firstly, then the results from the MD simulation are recast to obtain an average continuum through the definition of a Cohesive-Zone-Volume-Element—an atomistic analog to a continuum cohesive zone model element.