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In order to satisfy the constraint that an ant visits all the n different towns,each ant has a data structure called the tabu list,that saves the towns already visited up to time t and forbids the ant to visit them again before n iterations (a tour) have been completed.
In order not to increase the complexity of the algorithm, and without loss of generality,Q in formula (3),(5),(6) is multiplied by the reduction factor (n+m-s)/(n+m) by linear decreasing pheromone update methods.
Q in formula (3),(5),(6) is multiplied by the reduction factor (n+m-s)/(n+m) by linear decreasing pheromone update methods.

In addition, lubricating conditions between rings and liners have become more severe in recent engines year by year because of demands for high efficiency and high power, use of low-quality fuel oil, and reduction demands of fuel oil consumption.
From slopes of data curves in Fig. 3.a and their rapprochement trends in Fig. 3.b, it could be deduced that the groove aspect ratio has a limited effect on the hydrodynamic friction force.
Gerber, Piston ring friction reduction through surface modification, ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference September 11-14, 2005, Ottawa, Canada

Hot forging of cast specimens was carried out in three successive stages, having a reduction of about 10% at each stage.
The average overall reduction in cross sectionals areas for all specimens obtained in the range of 30 to 33% and an increase in length was 40 to 42%. 2.3 Metallography The specimens were polished using emery paper (series 800, 1000, 1500, and 2000 grit) for microstructural observations.
During experimentation, the data isothermally recorded for the storage modulus (E’), loss modulus (E”), and damping capacity in terms of loss factor (tan δ) over each temperature step.

The effects of the hot pressing process parameters and LBF addition on the mechanical properties, water absorption and microstructure of the composites were investigated with a view to providing data for the development of LBF/PP composites for automotive interior trim[14].
The bonding was reduced, the interfacial properties were poor and the internal stress transfer was uneven, resulting in a reduction in the mechanical properties of the composite[17,18].
Study on the Odor Reduction of Polypropylene (PP)/Bamboo Fiber (BF) Composite.

The reduction in size of the particle is mainly due to the decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide.
Therefore, all of the following data were obtained at the reaction temperature of 65 °C.
The potential of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel using heterogeneous catalyst derived from various calcined eggshells coupled with an emulsification technique: A review on the emission reduction and engine performance.

To consider the effect of high temperature on the bond of FRP reinforcing bars to concrete, the results of the tests carried out by Katz and Berman [11] were essential: indeed, their results indicate a severe reduction in the bond strength as the temperature at the surface of the rods rises up and goes beyond the Tg value.
Young’s modulus dependence on temperature E(T) was also taken into account via the following reduction factor, calibrated by fitting the experimental data available in literature related to tensile tests performed on GFRP bars [9]: (5) where E is the Young’s modulus at ambient temperature.

Data shows that Portland cement production is responsible for 8% of total CO2 emissions [5].
For materials MK650 and MK750, shown in Fig. 1d1 and Fig. 1e1, respectively, metakaolin produced from kaolin through heat treatment exhibited the disappearance of some peaks, such as at 2θ = 12.39° and 24.9°, and a reduction in other peaks [10,13].
For the materials MK650 and MK750, shown in Fig. 3d and Fig. 3e, respectively, the metakaolin produced from kaolin through heat treatment exhibited the disappearance of some peaks, such as at 2θ = 12.39° and 24.9°, a reduction in other peaks, and the appearance of a new peak at 25.31°, highlighting the transformation of kaolin into metakaolin [10,13].

Data collection and analysis procedure.
With the same fertilization mode, yield of S2 was lower than that of C2, whereas yields of S1 and S3 were significantly increased compared to those of C1 and C3 respectively, suggesting that controlled and mid-gathering irrigation could ensure rice yield with advantages of water saving and pollution reduction.
(2) Under the same fertilization mode, controlled and mid-gathering irrigation would promote the rice growth and accumulation of dry matter, favor uptake of nitrogen and ensure rice yield with the advantages of water saving and pollution reduction compared with conventional irrigation.

They stressed that enough documented evidences show that a reduction in the use of lead for hunting also benefits wildlife and humans who consume wild game.
In the U.S, a total of 40 states submitted data in 2008 and 2009.
Toxic Use Reduction Institute.

Fig. 1 that 0Bx1˂0Ax1 therefore, in the transition from 1Y to 2Y level comes free energy reduction substances than create the preconditions for the development of the crystallization process.
Given that 0Bx2˂0Ax2 i.e. drop in temperature is accompanied by a reduction in the particle velocity relative to its middle position, therefore, the crystallization process is developed.
Hashimoto, Four-dimensional Mathematical Data Visualization via Embodied Four-dimensional Space Display System, Forma. 26 (2011) 11-18