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The authors thought that the reduction of friction coefficient and achievement of a good, durable performance of MWCNTs coating were contributed to three factors as follows: (1) Friction resistance is minimized by rolling motion of the cut or broken MWCNTs and the short graphene lamellae in the wear track
According to the data in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10, all of the tested SWCNTs materials exhibited friction coefficients actually lower than traditional carbon materials.
Friction-reduction, high load-capacity, and anti-wear can be achieved at the present of CaCO3 nanoparticles in PAO oil.

Moreover, the Ge atom diffusion into the channel from the source SiGe layer leads to a graded heterejunction, resulting in the reduction of injected electron velocity in the SHOTs [12].
Circles and triangles show the data of SSOIs and SGOIs, respectively.
DGM considering the tunnel effects continues to increase with increasing DEC, although simulation results without the tunneling effects indicate the reduction of the GM increase at high DEC.

Scaling-down of the CMOS dimensions require the reduction of the silicon dioxide (SiO2) gate dielectric thicknesses to be below 2 nm in equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) [2{Formatting Citation}].
As the reduction in its thickness cause some critical problems such as an increase in the gate leakage current and high power dissipation, the utilization of SiO2 in the nanoscale regime becomes impractical [3].
The completed response for Vth data is shown in Table 3.

Consequently, under the condition that rapid development of urban rail transit system and shortage of resources, it is necessary to solve the problem of the social economic benefits about passenger flow imbalance features in economic benefits, service level, energy-saving and emission-reduction.
Dynamic change is the characteristics of the passenger flow, the statistical analysis of the survey data which is the existing line operation of passenger flow, can provide reference for construction of trackhardware facilities such as selection of vehicle and train marshalling form.
The operation of flexible marshalling trains can solve the problem which appearing with passenger flow imbalance in time and space as well as creates a good social and economic benefits in service level and energy conservation and emission reduction.

The ultimate target in designing smart surveillance systems is to minimize the need of continuous monitoring and analysing visual data by an operator [5].
Reduction of resolution of frames.
It was presented in the literature [14], that a reduction in a resolution of an image helps to decrease an influence of a noise.

The XRD patterns of Li1.2(Mn0.54Ni0.16Co0.08)O2 prepared from sol-gel route also coincides well with the standard data of the hexagonal structure of layered LiMO2 except a weak diffraction peaks in the 2q range of 20o and 25o, which can be ascribed to the periodic occupation of Li+ ions in the transition metal layers of crystalline LiMO2, indicating the coexistence of crystalline Li2MnO3 [15].
Two weak redox peaks located at 4.2 and 3.6 V should account for the reaction of Co4+/Co3+ and Ni4+/Ni2+, and a very weak redox peak nearby 3.0 V should be the reduction of latered MnO2, which is produced from initial elelctrochemical activation of Li2MnO3 component.
The typical oxidation/reduction peaks of LiMn2O4 and Li1.2(Mn0.54Ni0.16Co0.08)O2 can be found in the blended sample.

Some other aspects that are covered by the battery mathematical models are related to the real batteries behavior like self-discharge (effect caused by internal resistance of the battery, as a reduction of the state-of-charge over time even when no load is connected), relaxation effect (at very low consumption rates, the concentration of electrons became homogeneous by the electrons diffusion across the electrolyte, this behavior being seen from outside the battery as a partial recovery of the capacity), rate capacity effect (at high consumption rates, the effective battery capacity is lower than the rated capacity, due to the poor electrons concentration in the area surrounding the electrodes as the electrons diffusion in the electrolyte is performed at a much lower rate than consumption rate), temperature effect (at higher temperatures, the reduction-oxidation electrochemical reactions are accelerated) and capacity fading (it is the battery aging when increasing number of charge-discharge
Therefore, there are battery linear models (the worst precision but the best computational effort required as the actual battery capacity is obtained by extracting the consumed energy from a nominal value), stochastic models (are obtained based on observations and simulations that are calibrated with experimental data), electrical models (based on electrical circuit with an equivalent behavior as that of batteries), analytic models (are obtained, in general, as simplifications of electrochemical models and are less accurate, but involves less computational effort) and electrochemical models which are the most accurate battery models, being taken as reference for validation of other battery models.

From the process perspective, twin roll strip casting allows to eliminate most of the intermediate thickness reduction steps that allow obtaining a thin strip starting from a thick slab.
With the currently available experimental data it was possible to estimate a reduction of the temperature inhomogeneity between the core temperatures in the thin and thick area of the profile form ΔT = 37 °C in the case of uniform surface preparation, to ΔT = 14 °C in the case of selectively coated casting rolls, considering a strip thickness of hthin = 1.0 mm in the thin section and hthick = 2.0 mm in the thicker area.

It was shown that Al-doped ZnO films have great chemical stability and excellent electrical conductivity as well as visible transmittance which has made it one of the most promising TCOs owing to its non-toxicity, less expensive, more resistant to defect, impurity doping, hydrogen plasma reduction [8] and can be deposited at lower temperature[9,10].
For the elastic constants cij, data of single-crystalline ZnO have been used: c11 = 208.8 GPa , c33 = 213.8 GPa , c12 = 119.7 GPa , c13= 104.2 GPa.
And with the reduction in the density of grain boundary, the probability of impurity scattering at grain boundary decreases which lead to the arising of the Hall mobility.

High data transmission rates impose stringent requirements on the functionality of the switching devices.
The thin films vs. bulk materials allow high integration flexibility of the deflector elements and also significant reduction of the power necessary for the device operation.
In general, double lenses allow significant reduction of the backreflections without application of antireflective coating.