Search results

This may lead to excessive solid-state diffusion and hence possibly to an increased density of faults and defects in the crystal structure, moreover, bulk order may be broken at the grain boundaries and interfaces.
The surface energy is then the difference between the energy of the slab and that of an equal number of atoms in the bulk.
However, this interdiffusion process becomes very slow and almost finishes when the average number of nearest silver neighbours of the Ag atoms on the surface reaches 2.
The forming of such a five-layer AAKAA surface structure results in a third of the surface Pd atoms having increased their number of nearest neighbours from 9 (the close packed f.c.c. (111) surface) to 13 (see also [31]).
The number of Pd atoms in each couple layers A and A coincides with the number of Ni atoms in the Kagomé net layer, therefore, the total atomic fraction involved in the build up of the five-layer AAKAA Pd2Ni ordering surface-sandwich structure in the nanoparticle with consideration of some imperfection of icosahedral order in Kagomé net layer can be estimated at  70 %.

AFM image 2D(a) and 3D(b) of the surface topography of ALD Al2O3 thin film deposited with an 830 number of cycles Fig. 8.
The histogram of frequency of the occur height on the surface for a ALD Al2O3 thin film deposited with an 830 number of cycles Fig. 9.
The thickness distribution map for an ALD Al2O3 thin film deposited with an 830 number of cycles Fig. 11.
Reflectance of Al2O3 thin film deposited with an 830 number of cycles Fig. 13.
The research confirmed that the ZnO thin films have a fine-grained structure.

Scheil solidification paths for Fe-3.6 wt% C-2.5 wt% Si-Ti alloy system with different Ti contents (wt%): (a) 11; (b) 12; (c) 13; (d) 14; (e) 15; (f) 16 The effect of Ti concentration in the molten pool on the number of precipitated phases in the ternary Fe-3.6 wt% C-Ti alloy system under metastable equilibrium condition is shown in figure 3b.
This change in the morphology of the γp dendrites is mainly attributed to a significantly higher thermal stability of the TiC phase than that of the austenite phase, which provides a heterogeneous nucleation of the primary austenite grains.
In such a case, the TiC is the first phase which precipitates from the liquid in the molten pool, and the resultant TiC particles act as nucleating agents for primary austenite grains formation.
Thus, the variation in the fraction of retained austenite with increasing traverse speed at constant HI level and titanium concentration in the molten pool, can be attributed to a change in carbon content in the primary austenite grains, caused by different cooling rates.
Because of its high thermal stability, the TiC phase promotes a heterogeneous nucleation of primary austenite grains, what reduces a cracking tendency of the TRLs.

To calibrate the Bi-Te repeat thickness, samples were deposited holding the number of Ti-Te and Sb-Te layers within the repeating unit constant at 3 while systematically varying the number of Bi-Te repeats from 2-6, resulting in five multilayers with increasing multilayer period thickness.
The linear regression lines show the regular increase in the thickness of the nanolaminate as the number of M-Te layers is increased.
Varying the number of Bi-Te repeats systematically between 2 and 6 results in an average systematic change of 10.1 Å in the c-lattice parameter.
In the HAXRD data of the as deposited sample, diffraction is observed corresponding to randomly oriented (BixSb1-x)2Te3 grains.
Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, under contract number DE-AC02-06CH11357.

No precipitated nitrides appear in grain boundaries when sintering in 75%H2-25%N2 atmosphere, and only the typical porosity is found.
Number of hours to 0,25% corrosion in the salt spray test of materials sintered in 75%H2-25%N2, pure H2 and vacuum at 1230 ºC. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 +316L +1,5% AlCr2 +3% AlCr2 +1,5% Cr2Ti +3% Cr2Ti +1,5% SiC +3% SiC +1,5% VC +3% VC Time (hours) 75%H2+25%N2 H2 Vacuum Figure7.
Number of hours to 0,25% corrosion in the salt spray test of materials sintered in 75%H2-25%N2, pure H2 and vacuum at 1230 ºC.

The coatings eroded at high impact angle, showed a surface morphology with number of crater sites, originated from individual impacting erodent particles.
Surface morphology at 300, shows extensive plastic flow with number of crater sites.
Ohmori, Effect of carbide grain size on microstructure and sliding wear behavior of HVOF-sprayed WC–12% Co coatings, Wear, 254 (2003) 23

The deformation characteristics are affected by a number of factors, including the alloy composition [6], the heat treatment processes [7], the deforming temperature [8], and the stress–strain cycle [9].
The absence of elongated grain in the as-received material indicates that annealing treatment has been conducted on the material.
Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education Malaysia and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for the financial support under Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, vot number RJ1300007824.4F210.

The DLC films contain significant fractions of sp 3 type carbon bonds, and their properties are strongly influenced by the ratio of the number of sp 3 to the number of sp 2 hybridized carbon atoms.
However, since the in-plane grain size La of the graphite is always less than 1 nm for the DLC, they follow the relationship ID/IG ¶ La2 [9], instead of the Tuinstra-Koenig relationship [10], in which ID/IG ¶ 1/La.

Crivelli, Incorporation of rubber tire crumbs and siliceous crystalline grains in construction products, U.S.
The formulation number 4 was selected, because it has lower viscosity facilitated the extrusion of the mixture.
All the technical tests were performed on formulation number 4 exclusively. 4 different temperatures of the extruder were tested: 270 ºC, 275ºC, 280 ºC and 290º.

It is seen from the Fig. 3 (a) that the peak around -7 eV is due to mainly ‘s’ states of Al and the number of DOS at Fermi level N (EF) is 1.42 States/eV (Table 1).
One of the standard methods is to calculate the Debye temperature from elastic constants data, since θD may be estimated from the average sound velocity vm by the following equation [24, 25]: (2) where h is Plank’s constant, kB is Boltzmann’s constant, Va is the atomic volume, n is the number of atoms per formula unit and vm is average sound velocity.
Jayaram, M K Miller, An atom probe study of grain boundary and matrix chemistry in micro alloyed, Acta Metall.