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Cross-section microtopography of the coatings after oxidation: e) Cr0.87Al0.13N; f) Cr0.86Al0.14N; g) Cr0.70Al0.30N; h) Cr0.68Al0.32N Conclusion The phase structure of the Cr1-xAlxN coatings displayed the preferred orientation of CrN (111) plane and the diffraction peaks of CrN (220) plane also existed in low Al content.
Mayrhofer, Influence of bias potential and layer arrangement on structure and mechanical properties of arc evaporated AleCreN coatings, Vacuum 106 (2014) 49-52
Cavaleiro, High temperature properties of CrAlN, CrAlSiN and AlCrSiN coatings e Structure and oxidation, Mater.
Haynes, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th ed., CRC Press/Taylor and Franics, Boca Raton, 2010
Du, Thermal stability and oxidation resistance of Cr1-xAlxN coatings with single phase cubic structure, J.

Alloy chemistry was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Chemical analysis.
The residual stress distribution of the entire structure cannot be tested due to the large volume of the valve body, so it can only be tested by the blind hole method on surface.
As reported by ref. [16], the optical image in (a) demonstrates dense structure of well overlapped melt pools characterized by semi-circular shape in a plane parallel to the building direction.
The conclusion is different with this study is mainly because the valve body has a more complicated structure which make the residual stress has a significant different along the deposition height, secondly may because the heat treatment changed the stress state, and also due to the surface residual stress in this paper is different to the internal residual stress in ref.[18].
Shen, Intragranular cellular segregation network structure strengthening 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting.

Among these tin phosphides, Sn4P3 possesses a special structure with alternating of Sn and Patoms dividing into seven layers [7].P atoms locate in the internal structure and more coordinations of atomic numbers in unsaturated surfaces would be effectively exposed, which could promote the formation of Sn4P3 with higher surface activity density [8].
Due to this special structure, Sn4P3obtains a broad application prospect in the field of catalytic and anode materials of lithium-ion battery.
During the continuous milling process, repeated collisions of particleswith the existence of excessive P would have a negative influence on the structure stability of Sn4P3.The following experiments were operated with the weight ratio of Sn to P as 5:1.
Nazar,A reversible solid-state crystalline transformation in a metal phosphide induced by redox chemistry, Science. 296 (2002) 2012–2015

This positive effect on shrinkage is caused by the decrease in surface tension of the pore water and the change induced in the pore structure by the admixture.
It can be assumed that the structure of REF had the most defects (microcracks, etc.), what damp signal propagation.
From the point of view of energy, previous results confirmed that the specimen with admixture 2% of SRA was the softest and therefore the least cohesive, whereas a large number of small cracks are formed structure with 2% of PEG 1000.
Of the 4th International Conference on the Durability of Concrete Structures, West Lafayette, IN, USA, July (2014), 254-261
Repette, Effect of different activators type and dosages and relation with autogenous shrinkage of activated blast furnace slag cement, Proc. of the 11th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Durban, South Africa (2003) 1878–1888

Muscat, Self-Assembly of Functionalized Organic Molecules on Flat Solid Surfaces, Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry 4 (2018), 810-816
Rondelez, An Intrinsic Relationship Between Molecular Structure in Self-Assembled n-Alkoxysilane Monolayers and Deposition Temperature, J.
Sagiv, On the Formation and Structure of Self-assembling Monolayers.
Himpsel, A Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy Investigation of the Structure of Self-Assembled Films of Octadecyltrichlorosilane, Langmuir 18(4) (2002), 1250–1256.

Nowadays the analysis of mixed-mode loading of cracked structures in nonlinear materials is of particular interest.
In engineering practice, there are plenty of examples and reasons leading to mixed-mode loading of cracked structures when mode I is superimposed by mode II and/or III, the symmetry (or antisymmetry) is violated and the situation is related to mixed-mode loading [4].
The type of loading on a structure (tension, shear, bending, torsion) can also change during service.
The constitutive model (2) is the phenomenological model of Kachanov and Rabotnov widely employed in creep damage theory and in damage analysis of high temperature structures [3,4,8,10,13,14].
Integration of Mechanics, Materials Science and Chemistry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2014

The details of the required chemistry and hardness are given below in Table 1 and that of inclusion rating of the steel is provided in Table. 2.
Microstructure – Banded structure Fig. 18.
A banded structure can be defined as a segregated structure of approximately parallel bands of two different phases aligned in the working direction [ 1,2,6].
Recommendation Following is the recommendation to prevent Die failures in service both in round & elliptical Dies: 1) Deployment of Martensitic Stainless Steel Dies with a Cr content of 16-18% with appropriate hardness in place of AISI D3 Dies. 2) Elimination of banded carbides observed in the microstructure through appropriate metal forming operation of Martensitic Stainless Steel material to avoid prefential orientation of grains and achieve near isotropic structure.

When a CR-39 detector is irradiated by high LET radiation, defects are formed on its surface due to the breakdown of its molecular structure [1].
The sensitivity of nuclear detectors is influenced by two additional factors relating to the detector itself: the purity of the monomer and the molecular structure of the polymer [4].
The polyalkyl chains in the CR-39 structure are connected by diethylene glycol-dicarbonate linkages [7].
It is crucial to have a thorough understanding of the material excitation characteristics and the track structure along a fast heavy ion's passage into a solid [10].
Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 187 (2021) 109579

Results and discussion Silver metal has similar lattice constants and the face-centered crystal structure.
Therefore, the synthesis of branched gold structures using Ag nanoparticles as a seeds are quite attractive.
Despite that the result clearly showed the significant change in particles nanostructure of sample F, sample D just underwent a minor change in structure.
The bands corresponding to amide-I, amide-II and amide-III at 1664 cm−1, 1544 cm−1 and 1080 cm−1, respectively, for Ag@Au NPs are more prominent than Coll with shifts in the peaks, confirming that the secondary structure of the Coll is intact [20].
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the staffs of the Department of Biomaterials at Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Natural Sciences for technical assistance which led to the success of this research.

Strength and Porosity of Materials on the Basis of Blast Furnace Slag Activated by Liquid Sodium Silicate Vlastimil Bílek Jr.1, a *, Ladislav Pařízek1,b, Petr Kosár1,c, Jiří Kratochvíl1,d and Lukáš Kalina1,e 1Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials Research Centre Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic axcbilekv@fch.vutbr.cz, bxcparizekl@fch.vutbr.cz, cxckosarp@fch.vutbr.cz, dxckratochvilji@fch.vutbr.cz, ekalina@fch.vutbr.cz Keywords: Blast furnace slag, FBC fly ash, by-pass cement kiln dust, Portland cement, alkali activation, mechanical properties, porosity Abstract.
The main hydration product of AABFS is C-(A)-S-H phase, which is similar to C-S-H formed during the Portland cement hydration, but has lower Ca/Si ratio, Si4+ in its structure is substituted by Al3+ in bridging positions and resulting charge imbalance is compensated by Na+ [5].
The highest mechanical strength is usually obtained through the slag activation by liquid sodium silicate [6], which can be related to the very densely packed structure of C-(A)-S-H [5].
Pore structure of the prepared pastes analogous to the mortars for compressive strength testing was examined by MIP method.
As can be seen from Figs. 3–5, pore structure refinement was observed with increasing time of hydration.