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Also, many researchers attempt to increase photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO photocatalyst by doping the additive in ZnO structure which are energy band gap around 3.37 eV.
The morphological structure of g-C3N4 shows that nanosheet is large area.
The g-C3N4 photocatalyst is n-type semiconductor with nanosheet structure which is same with GO structure and a band gap is around 2.86-3.13 eV[5].
Chabal,Timo Thonhauser, Structural band-gap tuning in g-C3N4, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.17 (2015) 957-962

Kirensky Institute of Physics SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia 2 Institute of Chemistry and Technology SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia a miagkov@iph.krasn.ru, blebyk@iph.krasn.ru, czharkov@iph.krasn.ru, dgal@ksc.krasn.ru Keywords: Thin films, shape memory materials, solid-state reactions, martensitic transformations, Ni-Al alloys.
The solid-state reaction occurring in Ni/Ti multilayered films upon annealing at 300 °С causes the formation of a highly disordered or amorphous structure [5].
The shape memory effect in Al-Ni alloy has 25 K temperature hysteresis and is associated with martensitic transformations of an austenitic B2 AlNi phase into a martensitic L10 (3R) structure with the ABC packing or into a (14M) structure with the ABCABA-C- (5, 2 ) packing.
It must be noted that in a number of works the crystal structure of the Ni2Al3 phase is considered as the B2 NiAl phase with the ordered arrangement of constitutional defects on the B2 underlying the lattice [19]. 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 2Θ (deg.)

Subsolidus structure of the MgO – Al2O3 – FeO – TiO2 system in the temperature range: a – 1537-1630 K, b – 1630-2076 K.
Arefiev, Special features of the structure of modifier of periclase-spinel materials with an increased thermal shock re-sistance.
Mirgorod, Thermodynamics of Solid-Phase Exchange Reactions Limiting the Subsolidus Structure of the System MgO-Al2O3-FeO-TiO2.
Ostapenko, Subsolidus structure of the MgO – Al2O3 – FeO – TiO2 system.
Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 16(3) (2022) 367–376.

This may be due to the fact that at a low concentration of MB solution, the surface structure of the sample can adsorb most of the dye ions, which fill its surface.
When the concentration increases, however, the surface structure has insufficient ability to adsorb due to its limited surface area.
Coles, Kaolinite properties, structure and influence of metal retention on pH, App.
Hussin, Structure and properties of clay-based geopolymer cements: A review, Prog.
Davidovits, Geopolymer, Chemistry and Applications (3rd ed.).

It could be observed that the Ppy coatings by cyclic voltammetry method presented open-structure with obvious holes inside the film.
Herrasti[12] considered that for cyclic voltammetry procedure, the polymerization was interrupted and some intermediates such as dimers or short chain oligomers were formed for reduction process, however at constant current Ppy coatings kept constant growth rate and gave rise to the compact structure.
Compared with Ppy synthesized by constant current, the Rf of Ppy synthesized by CV was lower due to its open structure, and Rt for the coating decreased to 9823W.cm2 after total immersion, which was similar with that of the bare steel indicating that a sufficient amount of the electrolyte solution has ingress through the coating to cause corrosion of the substrate alloy.
The SEM observations showed that Ppy coatings electrodeposited by constant current was compact and cyclic voltammetric coatings exhibited open structure.
Chane-Ching, Electrochemical synthesis of polypyrrole films on copper electrodes in acidic and neutral aqueous media[J].Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 587(2006):67-78 [5] T.

These investigations of defect structures have focused on misfit dislocations [13-17]; chemical information [15], using (002) dark field; and strain analysis, using fast Fourier transform (FFT) [18].
Fig. 3 (a) shows the crystal structure of GaAs on [1,1,0] direction and Fig. 3 (b) shows a corresponding FFT pattern.
May, Fundamental reactions controlling anion exchange during mixed anion heterojunction formation: Chemistry of As-for-Sb and Sb-for-As exchange reactions, J.
Bonnet, Structure of 60 degrees dislocations at the GaAs/Si interface, J.
Forster, Composition evaluation of InxGa1-xAs Stranski-Krastanow-island structures by strain state analysis, Appl.

It has a hexagonal wurtzite structure (c = 0.521 nm, a = 0.321 nm) with oxygen atoms on hexagonal sites and zinc atoms on tetrahedral sites.
Atomic structure at grain boundary is different from atomic structure in the grain which leads to larger free carrier concentration and presence of potential barriers at boundaries.
ZnO fined particles synthesized by sol-gel method contain ionized oxygen vacancy which could emit photons with specific wavelength of ~500nm depending on their crystal structure [43].
Sen, Study of structural and electrical properties of grain-boundary modified ZnO films prepared by sol-gel technique, Materials Chemistry and Physics 74 (2002) 83-91

Photoelectrocatalytic and Ultrasonic-Assisted Effects for Organic Dye Degradation Using Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Electrode Chirarat Lunkhama, Piyalak Ngernchuklinb, Chatchai Ponchioa,c* aDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thanyaburi / Phathum Thani, 12110, Thailand bExpert Center of Innovative Materials, Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research, Khlongluang / Phathum Thani, 12120, Thailand cAdvance Materials Design and Development (AMDD) Research Unit, Institute of Research and Development, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi/ Pathum Thani, 12110, Thailand *chatchai@rmutt.ac.th Keywords: Photoelectrocatalytic, Ultrasonic, Dye degradation, ZnO electrode Abstract.
The crystalline structure of the film fabricated ZnO was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (Rigaku, SmartLab).
The suitable calcination temperature was affected to the great crystalline structure of ZnO on FTO substrate.
The proper crystalline structure resulted to the excellent characteristic of light absorption and electron transfer rate at the electrode surface.
The peaks at 34.5o, 36.3o, 47.7o presented the pattern of wurtzite structured ZnO with a highest photocatalytic activity.

Mechanical Study of Fabric-Foam Plied Material Chi-Wai Kan1, a *, Clare Man-Ching Ko1, b, Kongkiat Maha-In2, c, Kasem Manarungwit2, d, Chamlong Sarikanon2, e, Pojana Numahun2, f and Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit2, g * 1Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 2 Department of Textiles Chemistry Technology, Faculty of Industrial Textiles and Fashion Design, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand atccwk@polyu.edu.hk, b man-ching.ko@connect.polyu.hk, c kongkiat.m@rmutp.ac.th, d kasem.m@rmutp.ac.th, e Chamlong.s@rmutp.ac.th, f pojana.n@rmutp.ac.th, g rattanaphol.m@rmutp.ac.th * Corresponding author Keywords: Smoothness, Softness, Stiffness, Drape, Polyurethane foam, Plying, Fabric Abstract.
Figure 1 illustrates the plied sample structure [3, 4].
Plied sample structure [3-5] Results and Discussion Smoothness of Non-laminated Foam.
As foams are low density materials, so the cells are filled with air, together with the open cell structure, air could be pressed out easily.
The drapeability is slightly improved after the plying into fabric-foam structure, except for combination BB it has higher drape index than the plain foam and drapeability has changed (Figure 9).

Study on Air Permeability and Warmth Retention Ability of Polyurethane Foam Plying with Fabrics Chi-Wai Kan1, a *, Clare Man-Ching Ko1, b, Kittisak Ariyakuare2, c, Wasana Changmuong2, d and Rattanaphol Mongkholrattanasit 2, e * 1Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong 2Department of Textiles Chemistry Technology, Faculty of Industrial Textiles and Fashion Design, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand atccwk@polyu.edu.hk, b man-ching.ko@connect.polyu.hk, c kittisak.a@rmutp.ac.th, dwasana.c@rmutp.ac.th, e rattanaphol.m@rmutp.ac.th * Corresponding author Keywords: Warmth retention ability, Air permeability, Polyurethane foam, Plying, Fabric Abstract.
The air permeability is influenced by the fabric structure and the fibre moisture regain.
Figure 1 illustrates the plied sample structure [5].
Plied sample structure [5] Results and Discussion Figure 2.
From Figures 4 and 5, we could see the adding of fabrics reduces the air permeability of foam, as fabric has tighter structure, which increases the resistance to air flow.