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A large number of works performed by the molecular dynamics method [4, 5] show that melting (transformation of an ordered solid phase into a disordered liquid) occurs sequentially layer by layer.
However, it should be noted that the number of molecules representing an ordered lattice in the calculation cell, where the melting process is played out on a computer, is only a few thousand.
It turns out impossible to include grain boundary melting, which is responsible for the premelting phenomenon.
Total number of the start-stop coincidences at each temperature was at least 3-4 million.

Formulation and number of sample blocks used in each assay are described in Table 1.
Table 1 Formulations of test (SBt, with 0.05% Cr2O3) and control sample blocks (SBc, without Cr2O3) Sample block Formulation Number of sample bricks per test SBc 3.4 kg clay + 2% water 3 blocks /Irrigation test 3 blocks/Immersion test 1 block/SEM, XRD, XRF, porosimetry SBt 3.4 kg clay + 0.05% Cr2O3 dissolved in 2% H2O 3 blocks /Irrigation test 3 blocks/Immersion test 1 block/ SEM, XRD, XRF, porosimetry Cast for molding sample blocks.
In other words, even though a sample may present a significant number of macropores, these will affect the penetration of aggressive agents in a structure only if they are interconnected by canals, a feature that may be observed in the intrusion profile.
Pureza, Use of low grain size industrial waste in red clay: environmental and technological aspects, MSc Dissertation, Mining, Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, 2004.

As to the cumulative percentage, which is always from 80% to 90%.A typical process of EFA should be, a) identify and collect observed variables b) obtain the covariance matrix c) test and verify the covariance matrix for EFA (significance level, anti-covariance matrix, KMO measure) d) choose the way to abstract the factors e) discovery the elements and elements loading f) confirm the number of abstracted factors (use Kaiser norm as the standard) g) interpret the abstracted factors Principal component analysis is a kind of exploratory statistical analysis method that concentrates the information that scatters on a group of variables on several complex indexes.
ETM3 2.33 We find that this method can reduce the number of features effectively and get a relatively high classification accuracy and the Cronbach's alpha increases to 0.876.
This method generates rough set model based on the conceptions of the neighborhood of metric space and neighborhood relationship, pelletized the domain space based on the neighborhood of any objects in the domain space and uses lower approximation and upper approximation to approach any conception in the space, therefore accomplishes the granular computing for the space of real numbers.
By using basic neighborhood information grain to approximate and by generating prior to the greedy reduction algorithm with dependence function, this method can do feature selection to the attributes of the service quality.

Moreover, Hamaoka et al. [17, 18] found that the number density of G-phase was relatively low near the phase boundary and increased with the distance from the phase boundary.
Comparing with Vickers hardness tester, the nano-indenter can avoid the influence of the softer underlying austenite and edge effects from the grain boundaries.
With increasing aging time from 3000 to 20000 h, the number density of the G-phase particles decreases from 3.97×1022/m3 to 0.89×1022/m3, suggesting that the G-phase coarsens with aging time.
Accurate determination of the number density of G-phase precipitates in thermally aged duplex stainless steel.

The samples produced were 100% reprocessed, whereas after grinding, we worked with a grain size of less than 6 mm on average.
This effect is more pronounced at higher number of recycling cycles.
A detectable change at wavenumber of 1260 cm-1 can also be observed by increasing the recycling cycles number, which can be related to the CH2 vibrations of the methylene (CH₂) groups [21, 22].
These observations were further supported by the FT-IR spectra, which reveal the progression of degradation as the number of recycling cycles increases.

Objective and research questions No Objectives Questions 1 To identify the pretreatment process to obtain optimum grains on the titanium surface What are the distinguishing properties between the most pretreatment parameters used in titanium nitriding?
Fig. 2 shows that the research on this topic in 2022 had twenty-four (24) articles, with the most number of articles followed by 2021, which had twenty (20) articles.
We can also observe that in 2018, there was the smallest number of articles compared to other years.
China, Russia and India with twenty-six (26), seven (7), and seven (7) articles, the highest number of published articles in this study belong to these three major countries, in the order stated above (see Fig. 4).

These methods in industrial production process conditions are harsh, process and operation are complex, and some processes will have a large number of low concentrations of HCl and other by-products which will pollute the environment, so it is difficult to conduct large-scale promotion.
The main raw material was iron tourmaline, with chemical composition in table 1.1, there were two kinds of grain sizes: 4 μm, 40 μm, (figure 1.1), particle size of TiO2 was 0.6 um (provided by the manufacturer), stearic acid was industrial supplies, whose color was white or light yellow, as a mixture contained stearic acid for 55% and palmitic acid for 45%.
Δ =r2 - r2 = (- π)r2 The surface area of entirety increases to 4π(R+r)2 when nuclear body is coated，it requires 2nΔ times of triangles to wrapped completely: m4π(R + r)2 = nπr2 + 2n(- π)r2 = 2nr2 Where m is number of nuclear body and n donates number of coating body, equations under were obtained: S (coating surface) = 4π(R + r)2 s (section) =πr2 m2π(R+r)2 = nr2 (1) A B C D Fig.2.2 Model of monolayer coating Specific gravity of TiO2：3.9 Specific gravity of tourmaline：3.26 So total mass of nuclear body：Wbig = mπR³×3.26 (2) And total mass of coating body：Wsmall = nπr³×3.9 (3) η is proportion of tourmaline in entirety： η = (4) Planting (2) (3) into (4) ： η === (5) (6) obtained： = π(+ 1)2 (6) Planting (6) into (5) ，after neatened： η = (7) Defining R and r as variable, according to material supplied by manufacturers that the range of R is (4, 50), and (0.3,

Tongay et al. observed an FM state in bulk MoS2 from RT down to 10 K and suggested that the ferromagnetism comes from zigzag edges within grain boundaries [20].
The occupation numbers of electrons are expressed Gaussian distribution function with an electronic temperature of kT = 0.001 Ry.
To create the hole or electron carrier in the calculation of the carrier-mediated ferromagnetism, we indicated the number of electrons, as changing the total charge of the system.
In this case, we controlled the number of electrons as the total charge of the system and create an S vacancy with a charge state of 1- (VS1-) as chosen the total charge of the system of 1-.

Fig. 1 shows that number of publications per year related to SECM dynamically increased from 11 publications in 1994 to 121 publications in 2013.
Number of publications per year related to SECM.
(1) If the indicator electrode is placed quite far away from the surface of the test electrode (substrate), then the current flows in a circuit, which is described as follows: iT, ∞ = 4 n F D c a, (2) where n is the number of electrons, F – Faraday's constant, D – diffusion coefficient of the mediator, c – concentration of the reduced form, R and a – radius of the ultramicroelectrode.
The microstructure of this alloy consists of primary a-Mg grains along with a network of partially or fully divorced mixture of intermetallic b-Mg17Al12 and eutectic Mg.

Single lap joint with 1 number is bonded by Aradlite and number 2 is bonded by Bondtite fast & clear.
All the experimental specimens are prepared by using sand paper with grain number of 100 for accurate finished surface of single lap joint.