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The micrographs show grain distributions that are uniform.
Furthermore, the bands at 1628.40cm-1 and 1384.22 cm-1 correlate to a high number of residual hydroxyl groups, implying that remnants of adsorbed water vibrate in the O-H mode.
Bands at 1728.57cm-1 and 1384.22cm-1 indicated a large number of residual hydroxyl groups, suggesting traces of adsorbed water.
The number, frequencies, and relative intensities of the vibrational modes are determined by the overall structural symmetry and that of the octahedral Mn site.

Typically synthesized as low quality polycrystalline films, hematite films exhibit high recombination rates due to crystal grain boundaries and the presence of random oxygen vacancies.
In general, the plasma spray process uses a solid feedstock and produces fine-grained (0.5 to 5.0 µm) deposits.
The multiple steps consist of the following: precursor droplets form via a liquid atomizer; atomized droplets are rapidly transferred into the plasma region having high temperature and velocity; on entering the plasma region due to the interaction with plasma, the droplets break into a number of tiny droplets; as a result of the smaller size, the solvent evaporates instantly in the hot plasma; the remaining solute undergoes thermal decomposition to form the corresponding oxide particles; they are either partially or fully melted, depending on the residence time of the particle; splat formation on impacting the substrate formation; and the process continues, leading to a dense coating.

.: · primary particles (size, shape, ion paths, orientation, electron conductivity, contact zones), · secondary particles (size, shape, orientation, porosity, grain boundaries, coatings, contact zones, composition gradients), and · single crystals (size, ion paths, shape, orientation, contact zones, coatings). 3 From Nanoscopic to Macroscopic Transport When running a battery cell or system, only integral states such as current, voltage, and temperature can be controlled.
The situation even gets more complex in the case of polycrystalline particles since the grain boundary and surface transport affects the overall integral transport phenomena at particle and electrode level.
It has to be underlined here that the P/E value and the C-rate (both with the physical unit 1/h) are different numbers, as P/E includes the effects of the dynamic over-voltages, see chapter 2.

.% at 548 °C) [40], the solute Gd atoms are prone to segregate into grain boundaries and then forms hard second phase (Mg5Gd).
As the Gd content increased from 5.21 to 9.58, more Gd atoms would dissolve into matrix and more second phases would formed at grain boundaries.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 51771152), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No.2018YFB1106800).

The number of glucose residues indicated by degree of polymerization by which it is varies with the origin.
The average number of branching points in amylopectin varies with the botanical origin.
Various starches produced different color of grains.
This suggest that the treatment with hydrochloric acid break the hydrogen bonds between the starch molecules and increase in the number of hydroxyl group, by which leading to the peak having sharper band [30].

A large number of fine MX nitrides rich in V and Nb having a size of less than 10 nm but no M23C6 carbide are distributed along boundaries such as PAGBs and the lath, block and packet boundaries of the steel with 0.002% C after tempering.
The distribution of fine precipitates along lath, block and prior austenite grain boundaries are effective for the stabilization of boundaries and for the retardation of the onset of the acceleration creep.
The fine MX carbonitrides in the matrix act as obstacles to dislocation movement to lath and block boundaries, which reduces the number of dislocation annihilations and decreases the creep rate, as illustrated in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b).
This also reduces the number of dislocation annihilations and decreases the creep rate.

The microstructure was fully austenitic with an average grain size of 70 µm.
It depends for example on the stress amplitude [8,9], the testing temperature [5,6] and the number of cycles [10,11].
In order to investigate only the temperature influence we further investigated the fatigued state after 2000 cycles (half the number of cycles to fatigue at 600 °C) at a constant stress amplitude of 280 MPa (Fig. 3).
Deep rolled samples show almost identical fatigue lifetimes as laser-shock peened samples for the chosen surface treatment and loading parameters Acknowledgement The autors would like to thank the German Science Foundation (DFG) for financial support of the Emmy-Noether-group in Kassel (under contract-number AL 558/1-2) and Prof.

Over the past three decades, considerable research efforts have been devoted to understand the mechanisms behind the size-dependent fracture behaviours, and a number of fracture mechanics models have been established to derive the size-independent fracture parameters from laboratory results [3, 5, 7, 9].
These include the fictitious crack model (FCM), essential work of fracture (EWF) and local energy model for the ligament dependence of fracture energy, and a number of size effect models for the size dependence of the strength of geometrically similar specimens.
It is noted here that the changing trends of strength and fracture toughness with crack length shown in Figs. 3b and 3c have been observed experimentally by a number of researchers [e.g. 2, 14].
It was also previously demonstrated that by using a small crack size that is comparable to the grain size in Eq. 1, the strength of un-notched specimens could be predicted from the data measured on the notched specimens [17].

The consumer decision, at the time of purchase, is influenced by a great number of psychological factors that must be taken into account in market research [4].
Product design linked to a natural material such as stone can explore a number of own characteristics, intrinsic to each stone that another material produced industrially may not have.
The number and amount of stone types existing on our planet is unlimited, each one having its own properties, colour, strength, maintenance, heterogeneity, grain, texture [10] ... leaving to the discretion of the designers, their potential use and applications.

The use of cooking oil repeatedly can increase the oxidation number and free fatty acids contained.
As for the physical characteristics, charcoal is black, fine grained, light and very porous.
In addition to being a renewable fuel—for example, by turning leftover cooking oil into biodiesel—biodiesel provides a number of benefits, including better emissions (sulfur-free) in accordance with global challenges [8].
A large surface area and high adsorption capacity are provided by increasing the number of pores.