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An F-center is a type of crystallographic defect in which an anionic vacancy in a crystal is filled by one or more electrons, the number depending on the charge of the missing ion in the crystal.
The greater the number of F-centers, the more efficiently the compound will absorb light of a particular wavelength and the more intense will be the color of the compound.
Besides OSL, there are a number of other transition phenomena possible in insulators and semiconductors and it is valuable to understand those other phenomena to know how they differ from, and relate to, OSL.
Conclusions Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimetry, implemented a number of ways, may be described using conceptual models similar to those employed for thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD).
Takano, Retrospective dosimetry at JCO using luminescence from ceramics pieces and quartz grains, Advances in ESR Applications 18 (2002) 197-202

Nickel promotes occlusion by causing an uneven interface and increasing the number of internal oxides.
Liquid copper can penetrate into γFe grain boundaries and as a result the steel surface can crack during rolling.

The precast concrete elements in the construction of buildings are increasingly used due to their better quality control, constructive speed, reduction of the number of workers and less waste of resources compared to conventional construction; for wall applications, to these advantages, the design to ensure thermal comfort requires the improvement of the low thermal insulation of conventional concrete panels.
Discussion: Observing the figure, we can indicate that the values obtained by [23] for the density and [25] for an oven dry density, with different w/c ratios are a little bit higher and lower, being both slightly above and below the lower limit of 95% prediction for the compression resistance; we can conclude that the w/c ratio influences the compression resistance, obtaining higher values for w/c ratios lower than 0.45 and lower values for a/c ratios higher than 0.45-0.48. [38] indicates that these results are due to the fact that the higher the initial water content, the greater the average spacing between the cement grains producing an interconnected pore structure within the hydrates which results in low strength concrete.

The combination of bleaching under acidic conditions and alkaline delignification gave different changes, one of which depends on the type of bleacher, concentration, reaction time, and the number of stages carried out.
OPEFB was washed using hot water, manually separated into stalks and grains, then rinsed up to 4 times using clean water.

When burned, the organic compounds in the clay burn and force the pellets to expand like a honeycomb while the outer surface of each grain is melted and sintered [13].
In addition, the use of LECA as an adsorbent is still small in number compared to LECA as a construction material.
A number of LECA (variation of 1 to 22 granules) were weighed first and then put into a polyethylene jar. 150 mL of artificial AMD was added to each jar.

The straw of grain is from agricultural fields.
The increase in the number of CH3 bonds provided feedback on the transformations that occurred during degradation.
The increase in the number of CH3 bonds provided feedback on the transformations that occurred during degradation.

During the freezing process, the water increases in volume and a process of diffusion is produced during the freezing, therefore the presence of sufficient number of pores, which are not saturated, is required in order to permit the expansion without causing damage [3, 5-7].
The analysis of the mortars by electrical impedance spectroscopy assists to identify the degree of internal damage of the material by observing the modification of the behaviour, not only through the appearance of fissures and the modification of the porous network, but also through the evaluation of the situation of the mortars at grains borders level and the water phase present in the material. 2.
Above this number of cycles, the mortars can be considered as deteriorated, and to 42 cycles, the damage in the Mortar 1, made with CEM I without fly ash started. 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 Frequency (Hz) |Z| M1 B2 A2 B4 A4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 -90 -65 -40 -15 Frequency (Hz) theta Figure 7.

The sample was rotated by 90 degrees and the sandpaper was changed for a smaller grain size to eliminate the lines made with the previous sandpaper, the process is performed several times until the finest sandpaper size.
The phase corresponded to Grossite (CaAl2O7) is expected because, in the bibliography, it has been reported that due to the pressing process, there are zones with uniformity of quantities of CaCO3 and Al2O3 by which CaAl2O4 compounds already formed interact with zones rich in CaCO3 and form phases like the one reported in the work with a greater number of oxygen atoms. [6], [14].
These images were obtained with backscattered electrons, so we obtained information about the contrast in relation to the atomic number.

., organism’s forms, in which we will distinguish a large number of elements by basically with analysis and comprehensive features of perception, and these elements together which can play a lot of function.
However, organizational process is just the pause itself, and this simple action is very similar to the pressure produced by foot, that can make thousands grain of sands becoming into a form.[1]” To anthropologists the implications of Bergson’s passage can found similar expression in a kind of metaphysics existed in a totem nation people who lived in North America.
is certainly an irrational number.

However, a large number of studies [19-20] are still exploring more economical and superior manufacturing methods of metal sandwich panels, which will also become a long-term research trend.
Researchers in Europe and the United States have found in a large number of studies on the mechanical properties and behaviours (bending, fatigue and impact) of steel I-core sandwich structures that the weakest area in the sandwich panel is the T-shaped lap joint, which will seriously affect the sandwich panel.
Result [31] Stiffness failure test: Max 815.2N (With filler) [32] Max static pressure: 6.8kN (With filler)/2.5kN (No filler); Max fatigue strength 1860N (With filler)/220N (No filler) [33] Max bending load:234.31N (178mm);265.2N (230mm);400N (303) [34] Bending stiffness: 2.92×10 5 N·m; Shear stiffness 8.12×10 5 N/m [35] The average grain microhardness of the weld zone is 2600. [36] Max tensile shear load: 2910N [37] The maximum deformation under the optimal laser welding cutting angle is 5mm [38] Max tensile load: 35.2kN; Max bending load: 11.3kN; Max shear load:45.8kN However, almost all of these researchers used laser welding methods to weld the sandwich panel from the panel side, only Saternus and others used laser welding method from the core panel side of the core panel and panel connection, which is only suitable for welding single joints and has certain limitations for the entire sandwich panel structure.