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This special-topic book, devoted to “Solid Phase Transformations” , covers a broad range of phenomena which are of importance in a number of technological processes.

In recent years, a considerable number of efforts have been made to create p-type ZnO by doping with group-V elements such as N, P, As and Sb [22-25], but their acceptor levels are theoretically identified to be deep with low solubility limits.
At lower temperatures, the excess Li, which could not be entered into crystal structure of ZnO, is expected to restrict the crystal/particle growth by staying at the grain boundaries, whereas, at higher temperatures, the lithium based compounds melt into a liquid and form big chunks of particles by the faster diffusion of ions [28].
Based on these results, they have suggested that up to a concentration of 3% only, Li enters into ZnO crystal and at above 3% concentration, it congregate on the grain boundaries as a secondary phase, which has been found to be a detrimental factor to p-type conductivity of ZnO.
The ZnO powders doped with ≤ 2% Li did not show any change in the number of bands but a slight shift in the Raman spectrum of ZnO.

A large number of industrial effluents are discharged without proper treatment into clean sources of water thus polluting them and creating the water pollution.
At higher temperature, agglomeration increases with simultaneous growth of crystal grain.
The presence of oxidizing agents such as H2O2, persulfate (S2O82−), periodate (IO4−), bromate (BrO3−), oxone (HSO5−) and ozone (O3) traps the CB electrons to favor the charge separation and also generates more number of free radicals (Figure 1), as well resulting in the complete decomposition of intermediate products [61, 68-70].
However, Pt nonmaterial grain size had very little effect on the catalytic performance [111].

There is quite a number of natural glasses found on earth.
They owe many of their favourable properties to their amorphous structure, which does not contain lattice defects such as grain-boundaries and dislocations.
The number density of mobile ions is obtained from the mass density ϱ, the molecular weight M of the mobile ion, and the Avogadro number NA from Nion=ρNA/M.
MNa2O and MB2O3 denote the molecular weights of Na2O and B2O3 respectively and NA is the Avogadro number.
Frenkel disorder implies equal numbers of, e.g.

It has been reported by Baruah et al. that ZnO has emerged as a more efficient photocatalyst than TiO2 due to its high surface reactivity owing to its large number of active surface defect states [11].
The photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO can be improved through a number of ways; doping with metal and nonmetal elements, coupling with narrow bandgap materials, creating surface defects and specific morphologies, higher ratio of exposed ZnO polar facets or promotion the separation and transportation of the photo-excited charge carriers. [8, 9, 13-15].
It is observed that the commercial ZnO powder is also porous but there is a non-ordered porosity and the grains distribution is not homogenous, so the photo-response was limited, comparatively to the ZnO catalysts generated from Zn(NO3)2 and Zn(CH3 CO2)2 precursors.
ISSN Number: 2149-2123

Dislocations and grain boundaries are other types of defects and can act as high-diffusivity paths /also called diffusion short-circuits), because the mobility of atoms along such defects is usually much higher than in the lattice.
(3) Here f1V denotes the correlation factor, which in simple cases is just a number, e.g. 0.781 for a monovacancy mechanism in an fcc lattice and 0.727 in a bcc lattice. ν1V denotes the jump rate of the vacancy and the pertaining attempt frequency (of the order of the Debye frequency) and denote the entropy and enthalpy of vacancy migration.
Successful differential dilatometry studies require high precision for both quantities, because the fractions of vacant lattice sites are often very small numbers.
This value which is the highest number observed for an fcc metals [4].

· Consideration of infinite strain · Higher shear strain · Absurd behaviour of work material · Limited numbers of variable for metal cutting · Improper tool work contact during cutting · Invalid for machining brittle materials As mentioned earlier, the calculated strain in machining process is much higher as compared to strain obtained during mechanical testing work material.
However, later model is much suitable than former due to consideration of larger number of metal cutting variables as mentioned in equation (1-19).
(a) (b) Figure 3 Schematic diagrams of MQL setup (a) and different types of inserts (b) The full factorial approach has been used in present study with total 54 (3*3*3*2) numbers of experiments.
Jahazi, Finite element simulation-based predictive regression modeling and optimum solution for grain size in machining of Ti6Al4V alloy: Influence of tool geometry and cutting conditions, Simul.

Thus for a track to be formed by the Coulomb explosion model one must have: (6) where is the number of free electrons in the system, is the number of ionizations per atomic plane, k is the Boltzmann constant and is the electron mobility
Conducting polymers also exhibited changes in their grain size upon irradiation with swift heavy ions.
Total number of peaks in the Raman spectrum is related to the number of symmetry allowed Raman active modes.
Consequently, the number of peaks in the Raman spectrum will be less than or equal to the number of Raman active modes.
In 3-day-old cultures, the cells adhered to the modified polystyrene in higher numbers and over larger contact areas as shown in Figure 10.

However, due to a number of problematic technological issues ranging from die-material selection, die design, surface finish (e.g. alpha casing), differential thinning, temperature-pressure-time cycle determination and overall economy, the application of superplasticity has reached nowhere near its full potential.

It was programmed to operate full-scale production with d80 of 10 µm of the concentrate grain size to obtain more than 95 % copper recovery.
It was determined that pulp density, pH, concentrate type, microbial diversity, and grain size of concentrate particle were the influential parameters in copper extraction from the concentrate.
Wu; General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, Beijing, China 12:30 Biodesulfurization of a coarse-grained high sulfur coal in a full-scale packed-bed bioreactor A.
In the current project four different fluorescent phosphor components were used to identify a small number of specific binding peptides via PSD.
The ODE model integrates a thermodynamically based coupling of microbial anabolism and catabolism, complexation equilibria and chalcopyrite dissolution, while considering the fractal nature of chalcopyrite grain geometry.