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The possibility to confine the light in optical planar structures represented the milestone for the development of integrated optical devices in different application areas, such as communications and sensing.
As to the latter point, the sol-gel synthesis was preferred because this cheap and repeatable technique, based on wet chemistry process, offers the advantage of directly providing an optical guiding structure (in the form of a high optical quality thin film), while the conventional melting process produces a bulk material, and further processing is needed to realize a waveguide.
Europium was chosen as an optical probe of the glass structure.
Acknowledgements This research was performed in the framework of the projects PAT-FaStFal (2007-2010), ITPAR Phase II (2008-2011) research project area “Nanophotonics”, NAOMI and COST MP0702: Towards Functional Sub-Wavelength Photonic Structures.
Jurdyc, Rare Earth Doped Confined Structures for Laser and Amplifiers, in Spectroscopic Properties of Rare Earths in Optical Materials, Springer, (2005), p. 430

Fig.2 (b) reveals that the excess value of Mg composition synthesized well MgB2 crystal structure.
Based on SEM morphology, the crystal structure of MgB2 was not formed properly due to low sintering temperature.
Galez, “Crystal Structures of High-Tc Superconducting Cuprates,” in Handbook of Superconductivity, 2000
Hervieu, “Crystal chemistry of superconducting copper oxycarbonates,” J.
Oh, “Pore structures and grain connectivity of bulk MgB2,” Phys.

Moreover, the specific surface area and pore structure were affected by pyrolysis temperature.
Due to microprous structure, active functional, alkaline and high CEC, biochar has extensible potentialities to act as a heavy metal modifier.
During the process of carbonization, carbon element under the action of oxidation was etched and pore structures were generated.
In conclusion, the pyrolysis temperature could adjust the surface properties and structures of biochar, thus impacting the adsorption behavior of biochar.
Yu, Chemistry of variable charge soil, Oxford University Press, New York, 1997

X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the crystallinity of the materials, providing insight into the crystal structure and the size and orientation of the crystallites.
By analyzing the XRD spectrum, crystal structure parameters such as lattice parameters and crystallite size will be obtained.
The band gap energy, calculated from the absorption edge, offers essential information about the material’s electronic structure.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(2), 553-558
Journal of Molecular Structure, 1204, 127539

This paper designed a new full automatic intelligent control system which adopts two-level distributed structure.
The uniform degree directly influence adequacy of chemistry reaction that is key factor of products performance.
Fig.5 shows software functions structure of DSP.
Fig. 12 shows the structure of WNN.
Fig. 13 shows the structure of intelligent controller.

The tungsten coating exhibited a hexagonal pyramidal structure, and the growth direction was preferred along <110>.
The typical metallurgic structures of the tungsten coatings are shown in Fig. 5.
Thus, in Figs. 6(c) and (d), the upper part of the polyhedron presents a facet structure.
The growth direction of the tungsten coating grew preferentially along <111>, and the surface presented a nodular structure.
Janchur, Epitaxial Deposition Mononcrystal Tungsten Using Chmeical Transport Recation, Surface Physics Chemistry Mechanics 4 (1986)123–128

Higher wear resistance values of chromium precipitates are obtained on non-stationary deposition modes than when direct current, apparently due to the increased hardness and strength of coating crystals with finer-grained structures.
Wear resistance minima in MCE for all application modes are shifted to higher temperatures than in standard electrolytes, which is explained by the change in coating structures (gray, semi-shiny, brilliant).
Minimum wear is caused by finer-grained structures and increased micro hardness.
Of all the forms of the polarizing current, the most intense and effective influence on the performance of the chrome plating process, the structure and properties of the coatings, is caused by pulsed and reverse currents.
Saifullin, Combined electrolytic materials and coatings Moscow Chemistry, 1972

This phase results in modification of molecular structure and generates organic materials with enhanced or degraded characteristics. 3.2.
Thereby, polymers of more regular structure are obtained.
Pikaev, Applied Radiation Chemistry: Radiation Processing, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1994, p. 21
Mohamed, Characterization of structural modifications in poly-tetra- fluoroethylene induced by electron beam irradiation, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 63 (2002) 393 – 398
Ionizing radiation sources, Natural and drinking water purification (A Review), High Energy Chemistry 34 (2000) 1-12

Each structure was an unusual layered organic-inorganic structural type.
First, they possess both a primary amine on the pyridine ring and the nitrogen atom in the pyridine ring which usually can be used to construct perovskite structure.
The structure and electrochemical properties of the perovskite hybrid were studied.
(H22-AP)3/2Fe(CN)6, (H23-AP)3/2Fe(CN)6 and (H24-AP)3/2Fe(CN)6 hybrids crystallize in a monoclinic crystal system with the same layered structure type.
However, (H23-AP)3/2Fe(CN)6 has a different morphology from (H22-AP)3/2Fe(CN)6 although they have a similar crystal structure, as shown in Fig. 1b.

Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Magnetite Nanoporous-KIT-6 for Removal of Methyl Green from Aqueous Solutions Seyedeh Mahsa Seyed Danesh1,a, Hossein Faghihian1,b, Shahab Shariati2,c* 1Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza, Iran 2Department of Chemistry, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran aMahsa_s_d@yahoo.com, bfaghihyan@iaush.ac.ir cShariaty@iaurasht.ac.ir *Corresponding author.
The peaks of iron, oxygen, silica and sulfur, can be detected that confirmed the presence of this elements in structure of NPs.
In addition, the XRD pattern of Fe3O4@SiO2-KIT-6-SO3H NPs was shown the sharp diffraction peaks with 2θ at 30.3°, 35.6°, 43.3°, 57.2°, and 62.5° (Fig. 5 b), which indicate that the NPs have highly crystalline cubic spinel structure of the magnetite and also, the stability of the crystalline phase of Fe3O4 NPs retained during silica coating and surface thiol- and sulfonic-functionalization.