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Atoms B from the melt diffuse into metal A, which dissolves simultaneously and a number of intermetallic phases AmBn may form at the metal A surface.
A number of technological processes are accompanied by multiphase diffusion, e.g. high-temperature corrosion of metals and alloys, application of intermetallic protective coatings by diffusion annealing, modification of surface properties of titanium alloys by nitriding or carbonitriding, welding and soldering of various materials.
In equation (18) Pe is Péclet number: . (19) In this way, we achieved that in equation (18) both the equation terms have the unit value.
Grain Boundary Diffusion, Stresses and Segregation.
Grain Boundary Diffusion, Stresses and Segregation.

Here 46 is the ratio of the ether oxygens in the polymer host to the number of Li+ ions, the ratio of which shows the highest ionic conductivity [60].
A large number of intercrystalline phases form an amorphous PEO-salt complex after the Li salt addition.
As a result, there exists a large number of intercrystalline grain boundary within PEO-OLDHs nanocomposites.
Lithium Transference Number Two important properties viz. ionic conductivity and lithium ion transference number (TLi+) are of particular concerned for PEO-based polymer electrolytes.
Bruce, Electrochemical measurement of transference numbers in polymer electrolytes, Polymer 28 (1987) 2324-2328

The inflection points of Mn L3 - edge for manganese oxides (Mn2+O and Mn4+O2) shift towards the higher energy with the increase of valence number of Mn.
The edge energy of x-ray absorption increases typically with the increase of oxidation number of species under study.
We have observed most of the reported Raman modes [44] in our data, except of a few whose intensities are either very low or exist at wave numbers < 100 cm−1.
We monitor an increase in the scattering background towards higher wave number and highly suppressed modes at lower wave numbers in the spectra collected at 86 K (Figure 11 (a)).
The coercive field (HC) was found to decrease with Bi-substitution owing to a larger grain size, which results in the reduction of uncompensated spins.

Spectra were obtained at 4 cm-1 resolution and averages of at least 16 scans in the standard wave number range 400–4000 cm-1 at room temperature (23 ᵒC).
The exposure time and number of accumulations were 2 seconds and 10 times, respectively.
Raman spectroscopy is employed to evaluate the hybridization of state in carbon and defects due to grain boundaries and vacancies.
Values of x<1.5 have been reported in a small number of studies and theoretical evidence exists that materials with such low C/O ratio are thermodynamically stable.
However, conductivity of Graphene oxide depends on many factors such as degree of graphite exfoliation, number of layers, surface oxygen functional groups and especially impurity level.

The presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups (OH) significantly increases their contact with the matrix [18, 19].
Subsequently, it is manually divided into diminutive grains before the compression stage.
The dimensions of the matrix are n × n, where 'n' represents the number of responses being considered.
The predicted GRG is eventually determined using Eq. 17 as follows: δpre=δtot+ i=1 n(δopt-δtot) (17) Where, δtot: the total mean of GRG; δopt: the average of GRG at the optimal level of each process factor; n: the total number of parameters. 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Chemical Attributes PP-g-mTMI and PP-g-(St-mTMI) FTIR display absorption at 2253 cm-1 due to N=C=O stretching, absorption at 1755 cm-1 due to the C=O group.
The findings reveal that experiment number 10 (a) reflects the best optimized mixture (10 v.% Filler content, 1 v.% mTMI, 0.5 v.% DCP without St) as the GRG value is closer to 1.0.

Some originate at the substrate-interface and propagate through the thin film [5], but others lie at or near grain boundaries [6].
The method of choice to reduce the number of parameters is given with density functional theory (DFT), where the electron density is the central variable.
Additionally normalised occupation numbers � � following Janak et al. [30] have been introduced: � � �8
 �C�7��� � � � � + �<�����D
 + �FE � �C�7��� � � � � (2) These occupation numbers � � contain the information how many electrons occupy the respective Kohn-Sham orbital.
C. , editors, Microscopy of semiconducting materials 1981, number 60 in conference series, page 319, Institute of Physics, Bristol, London, 1981

It has a very fine grain size of 0 to 300 µm and a reactivity of 1 min at a temperature of 60°C.
Two points bending test to measure complex modulus After treatment, the complex modulus, defining the relationship between induced stress σ(t)=σ0 sinωt and strain ε(t)=ε0sinωt-φ in the specimen in the frequency domain for a linear viscoelastic material under a continuous applied sinusoidal load, which are in phase shift with an angle φ determined by fitting a sine function [29], was determined by E*=σε=σ0eiωtε0eiωt-φ, (1) where σ0 is the peak stress, ε0 is the peak strain, w is the angular velocity, φ is the phase angle, t is the time and i is the unit imaginary number.
(2) As a result of the time lag between stress and strain, the complex modulus can be treated as a complex number given by E*=E'+iE'', (3) where E' is the storage modulus or elastic component, and E'' is the loss modulus or viscous component.
In the case where the number of experimental points exceeds the number of unknowns (i), there is no solution that strictly satisfies all equations.

The linear scaling of the computations concerning the increasing number of cluster nodes, which allows delay-free computations even when the dataset sizes increase dramatically, is one of the major milestones of MapReduce.
These blocks are then replicated a configurable number of times—usually 3—to ensure reliability and fault tolerance [42].
This study additionally shows that the Hadoop deployment version is converting as cloud solutions end up an increasing number of famous.
Moving ahead, the Hadoop surroundings are poised to play an increasing number of pivotal roles in the big statistics panorama.
Hindman et al., "Mesos: A Platform for Fine-Grained Resource Sharing in the Data Center," in Proc.

This approach has been successfully used (see Refs. [43 - 50]) to solve a number of related pressing problems involving the gas-solid interaction.
{Here and what follows, the numbering and interpretation of processes I-IV corresponds to that adopted in Refs. [10, 18].}
{Here and what follows, the numbering of processes I-IV corresponds to that adopted in Refs. [10, 18].}
Characteristics of hydrogen chemisorption and diffusion in isotropic graphite and related carbon nanostrutures (Figs. numbering as in [18]). 4.
TPD data on single-wall nanotube samples (Figs. numbering as in [18]).

The basic strategy to address the problem of osteolysis should be to reduce the number of polyethylene particles generated by improving the materials at the articulating counterfaces.
Table 1 Linear Wear Rates of Several Kinds of Prostheses as Measured on radiographs Total Hip Prosthesis Shape of Linear Wear Number Implanted (28mm Femoral Head) Femoral Head Rate (mm/year) of Joints Periods (year) COP femoral head with 100 O.R.>10Ǵm 0.05±0.04 28 6-23 Mrad irradiated RCH 1000 S.R.>0.5Ǵm Socket(COP-100Mrad RCH 1000) COP femoral head with 0 O.R.>10Ǵm 0.29±0.02 23 6-13 Mrad irradiated RCH 1000 S.R.>0.5Ǵm Socket(COP-0Mrad RCH 1000) Alumina femoral head with O.R.<1.0Ǵm 0.05±0.03 12 14-16 100Mrad irradiated S.R.<0.01Ǵm RCH 100socket (Alumina-100Mrad RCH1000) Alumina femoral head with O.R.<1.0Ǵm 0.10±0.007 111 10-19 0Mrad irradiated UHMWPE S.R.<0.01Ǵm socket (Alumina -0Mrad UHMWPE) T-28,stainless steel femoral O.R and S.R. 0.25±0.02 � � 6-15 head with 2.5Mrad UHMWPE Unknown socket (SUS-2.5Mrad UHMWPE) Relationship between wear and thickness
The average grain size of alumina was 1.4 µm, and surface finish was controlled to a roughness of less than 0.02 µm.
From a viewpoint of prosthesis, in IBBC coating area is free, distribution of HA is studded, number of prosthesis sizes is limited, fixation is total contact, initial fixation is certain, metal backed cup is not necessary, and cost is not expensive.
Comparisons of merits and demerits on HA coating and IBBC(Interface Bioactive Bone Cement) Materials(HA) HA coating IBBC Surgery HA coating IBBC Peeling off possible no hemostasis not necessary indispensabl e Absorption possible no cement techniquse not necessary important techniquse of HA not necessary important smearing stem positioning in CDH with severe not easy easy ante-version Prosthesis HA coating IBBC Clinical HA coating IBBC Coating area fixed free stress shielding yes few Distribution of HA whole surface studded appearance of space no yes Number of sizes many limited (inserted in bleeding area) Total contact difficult yes adequate fixation not always yes Initial fixation uncertain certain removal of component difficult not difficult Metel backed cup necessary unnecessary Cost expensive not expensive Revision Total