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Besides, the coordination number of Hf ions can also change versus Hf content in the silicate.
This means that neither the formation of grain boundaries in HfO2 layers nor phase separation in HfSiOx ones occurred upon this annealing.

Selective infiltration etching (SIE) is a mechanical surface treatment method that uses the principles of heat-induced maturation and grain boundary diffusion to alter the highly dense zirconia surface into a nano-porous surface [22].
A number of factors must be considered for the HA bioactive coat to achieve its proposed function as; implant surface properties, the coat film thickness, and the coat film criteria (its chemistry and crystal structure, in addition to its porosity and surface topography) [37-40].

The lattice planes of nanocrystallites of TiO2 appear to have a deposit of amorphous material particularly at grain boundaries of nanocrystallites.
This data suggests that binding of dye over both TiO2 as well as CMT is equally strong; however, the very low xm value with CMT (BDH) stands for severely reduced number of adsorption sites for dye molecules.

Since the Cambrian explosion marking the advent of biocalcification controlled by living organisms, an impressive number of calcifying species have developed.
This raises the question whether the term “intracrystalline organic matrix” has to be interpreted cum grano salis, since on the nanoscale level the intracrystalline organic matrix seems to be intergranular, entrapped at the boundaries of iso-oriented grains.

On the other hand, Brown et al. (2018) showed that Beech is denser with homogeneous grain but absorbs water slowly due to a well-porous structure that supports extensive capillarity [30], and according to Davis (2021) Oak does not absorb water much yet it also rises via capillarity quite slowly though it lasts long and has unique wood patterns that suggest its resistance to moisture [25].
The mean values are calculated from all the data collected during all the established time frames subdivided by the number of the measurements.

The resultant solid was ground and sieved throughout a stainless-steel sieve until the grain size was below 250 µm.
Acknowledgment This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 104.99-2017.305.

Besides, it involves a higher number of experiments for determining the optimal conditions.
N=2n-1+2n+nc (2) Where N, n, and nc are the number of experiments, the number of process variables, and the number of center points.
The transformation of predicted responses to unit values with boundary conditions values between 0 and 1 is a prerequisite for the desirability process, which requires higher dr values and a higher number of responses [42].
The increase could be because at high temperatures, a large number of heavy metals tend to be in collision with the active sites of the adsorbent which in turn forms complexes around their structure [44].
Journal of King Saud UniversityScience, Journal of King Saud University - Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jksus.2018.12.007 [36] Ihedioha JN, Ujam OT, Nwuche CO, Ekere NR, Chime CC (2016) Assessment of heavy metal contamination of rice grains (Oryza sativa) and soil from Ada field, Enugu, Nigeria: Estimating the human healtrisk.

SN=-10log1NY2 (2) where, N= number of observation and Y= observed data.
The wear resistance of composites improves due to grain refinements and the wear rate of composites shows inversely correlated with material hardness.

If the binder is slightly deformable, the fibres cannot move, so only a small number of them support loading.
The surfaces of metal samples were processed by grinding, wet polishing with aluminum oxide and polishing with diamond paste for different grain sizes.

Fortunately, crystal symmetry and the choice of reference axes reduce the number even further [1].
(b) Electron diffraction pattern for HR Transmission Electron Microscopy on a selected grain (microcrystal) of the same sample of orthorhombic PbNb2O6.
A number of other countries (especially India, Japan, France, and Great Britain) have built and operated fast, metal-cooled reactors and supporting diagnostic instrumentation for in-service inspections.
It has been extensively studied for high temperature gas- and pressure-sensors for a number of challenging environmental applications.
Sakata, Grain orientation effects on electrical properties of bismuth layer‐structured ferroelectric Pb(1−x)(NaCe)x/2 Bi4Ti4O15 solid solution, J.