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Replacement of body tissues that have been worn out due to prolonged use and the regeneration of weakened or damaged bone structures are of increasing importance world-wide.
The literature shows two established types of bioactive glass and bioactive glass-ceramics that vary in composition, particle size, surface chemistry and origin of manufacture.
Table 1: Bioactive glass and glass-ceramic types and properties compared with human bone Material Density (g/cm3) Hardness (Vickers, HV) Bending Strength (MPa) Fracture Toughness (K1C) (MPa m1/2) Young's Modulus (GPa) Cortical Bone 1.6 -2.1 - 50-150* 2-12 7-30 Cancellous Bone 1.0 - 10-20(33) 0.1 0.05-0.5 Glasses -Bioglass (45S5) 2.6572 458 ± 9.4 42 (Tensile) 0.6(18) 35 Glass- Ceramics -Cerabone A-W - 3.07 - 680 - 680 - 2.0 100-150 118 The change in chemical composition of the alloplastic material gives rise to differing rates of osteostimulation and mechanical properties, typically the higher the silica content the slower is the dissolution of the glass structure once implanted into the body, and the resultant lower level of bioactivity and osteo-stimulation.
After six months of healing the mandible has regained its natural anatomic shape and begun to regenerate the internal trabecular structure, Fig 8.

Introduction Hydroxyapatite [HAp, Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2] due to its chemical similarities, crystal structure, and excellent biocompatibility have been used extensively as an implant coating material in the form of granular, porous or dense forms.
Despina et al. [24] had reported that the surface chemistry, crystallinity, and surface roughness play a decisive role in cell adhesion, proliferation and rapid response to cellular attachment.
Li, T.Q.Lei, Factors influencing phase compositions and structure of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings during heat treatment, Appl.
Heimann, Structure, properties, and biomedical performance of osteoconductive bioceramic coatings, Surf.

Having made great contributions in many sciences like physics, chemistry, medicine and etc. [9] the applications of nano technology have been spread to the energy industry recently.
Those nano characteristics that are interesting for EOR are large surface to volume ratio and confinements of charge, changing the material structure and chemically modified surface [7, 8].
In Journal of Nano Research (Vol. 26, pp. 135-142) [26] Ju Binshan, Dai Shugao, Luan Zhian et al.(2002), A study of wettability and permeability change caused by adsorption of manometer structured polysilicon on the surface of porous media .SPE 77938
The Band Structures of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and ZnO Nanoparticles Used for Oil Recovery in Water Flooding System.

Materials and Structures, 2008. 41(3): p. 479-493
Choi, Mercury intrusion porosimetry characterization of micropore structures of high-strength cement pastes incorporating high volume ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
Taylor, Cement Chemistry, Academic Press Limited, London, 1990
[35] King, D. (2012) The effect of silica fume on the properties of concrete as defined in concrete society report 74, cementitious materials. 37th conference on our world in concrete and structures

Introduction Mass transport through nanochannels is important for the design and testing of nanofluidic devices as well as for the understanding of flow in natural porous media and other porous structures.
This was followed by step seven, reactive ion etching using a reactive ion etching tool (RIE) from Alcatel for transfering the structure to the Si02 layer.
We want to thanks the national center for scientific research 'Demokritos' in Greece for the nano-structures and the dicing.
Science China Chemistry, 55(4):453-468, 2012.

Consequently, a dense structure was created with enhanced hardness.
One might say that the lower layer thickness can give denser structure causes less porosity and it gives more hardness.
The hatch spacing exerting the dense structure by overlapping of the adjacent tracks.
Am, “Talanta Response surface methodology ( RSM ) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry,” vol. 76, pp. 965–977, 2008

However, the hardness also depends on the microstructure of the material that depends on the hardening characteristic of material with different grain structures [18].
Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures. 2011 34 854-67
Determine the Chemistry of Selected Steel by NDE Technique of Positive Material Identification (PMI).
Fatigue of Structures and Materials.

Ceftriaxone as Corrosion Inhibitor for Nickel in Acid Solutions DUCA Delia-Andrada1,a, DAN Mircea Laurentiu1,b*, VASZILCSIN Nicolae1,c 1University Politehnica Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, 6 V.
Its chemical structure is shown in Fig. 1.
Ceftriaxone chemical structure.
Ceftriaxone is a heterocyclic compound with large molecular area and big molecular weight, showing aromatic character in its molecular structure, as well π-bonds (C=O; C=C; C=N) and atoms containing lone pair electrons defining for an effective corrosion inhibitor [9,11].

Screening of Different Encapsulated Polymer-Based Healing Agents for Chloride Exposed Self-Healing Concrete Using Chloride Migration Tests Philip Van den Heede1,2,a, Bjorn Van Belleghem1,2,b, Maria Adelaide Araújo1,3,c, João Feiteira1,d and Nele De Belie1,e* 1Magnel Laboratory for Concrete Research, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park, Campus A, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 904, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium 2Strategic Initiative Materials (SIM vzw), project ISHECO within the program ‘SHE’, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park, Campus A, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 935, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium 3Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Ghent University, Campus De Sterre, Building S4, Krijgslaan 281, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium aphilip.vandenheede@ugent.be, bbjorn.vanbelleghem@ugent.be, cadelaide.araujo@ugent.be, dj.feiteira@ugent.be, enele.debelie@ugent.be *corresponding author Keywords: Concrete cracking, autonomous healing, encapsulated polymer precursor, chloride migration resistance, self-healing
Secondly, these structures are not easily accessible for manual repair works.
For instance, under some circumstances a more elastic HA may be preferred to cope with the opening and closing of cracks in structures [1].
For instance, when intending to use them in marine concrete structures, it would be good to know to what extent the healing mechanism can prevent further chloride ingress in the crack region.

Powder metallurgy (P/M) is the most attractive process as it provides a uniform distribution of reinforcements, better mechanical properties and a fine grain structure [8].
Figure 1 shows the polarization activity of tafel Al90Zn10 composite structure with 0- 40% weight HAp reinforcement in 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature.
Haddon, “A bone mimic based on the self-assembly of hydroxyapatite on chemically functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 3235–3241, 2005, doi: 10.1021/cm0500399
Li, “In Situ Synthesis of Core-Shell-Structured SiCp Reinforcements in Aluminium Matrix Composites by Powder Metallurgy,” Metals, 2021