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For example, the grinding wheel wear is attributed to bond fracture, grain fracture, and attritional grain wear [1].
The result of grain shape measured using the SLM is shown in Fig. 2(b).
The obtained result yields a shape with clearer features of the measured grain.
The extraction method fails to approach the grain boundary in the cases that many pixels have the median value, there is a gap at the boundary between the grain and the bond, or the grain tip is far from the grain centerline.
The shape processing approach is applied for a number of grains and the obtained results are employed for measuring three angles on each prospective cutting edge of the measured grain.

Post-mortem material characterization of the grain structure was also performed.
Calculating the grain area along the length of the simulated results showed that when the number of seeds (No) was 100, the CET was observed at 14.3cm (143 mm in fig. 3(i)).
When the number of seeds was increased to 500 in the simulation, the CET occurred at approximately 13.7cm (137 mm in fig. 3(ii)).
The number of seeds used in the simulations was approximated.
The seed data used in the simulation was selected to demonstrate the qualitative effect of increasing the number of seeds (that is, the effect of adding a grain refiner).

The orientation distribution functions (ODF) for the 2 % Si steel 9 % cold worked, 9 % cold worked and annealed for 5 min in salt bath at 760ºC were determined, but the ODFs of the annealed samples for 10 and 30 minutes after cold working are not useful since the material presented very large grains (with an average diameter of about 300 µm, as shown in Fig. 1d), and, therefore, in a small number, which leads to pole figures that are statistically unreliable.
The produced CSL histograms and the grain orientation between grains for the samples are those for the longitudinal section, here not reproduced for reasons of space.
Furthermore, these grains may be consumed through the growth of other grains before nucleation starts.
Due to the high cold rolling reductions, grain boundary density is high so that there is a considerable amount of SIBM grains.
Therefore, it seems reasonable to suppose that the appearance of the exaggeratedly large grains occurs by recrystallization, starting in the more deformed grains and consuming the grains with orientation close to {011}<100>.

Heavy deformation was introduced in the samples after a considerable number of ECAP passes, from 1 to 16.
The number of ECAP passes, namely 1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 promotes a significant grain refinement observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Fig. 2 Longitudinal wave velocity vs. the number of ECAP passes for nanostructured copper.
Fig. 3 Transversal wave velocity vs. the number of ECAP passes for nanostructured copper.
A bimodal grain size distribution developed for higher number of passes.

To mimic the geometrical arrangement of AlN precipitates along austenite grain boundaries, a new model for precipitation at grain boundaries is used, which takes into account fast short-circuit diffusion along grain boundaries as well as the slower bulk diffusion of atoms from inside the grain to the grain boundaries.
Also, the number of available theoretical treatments of the precipitation process of AlN is rather limited.
To take into account the geometrical arrangement of AlN precipitates along austenite grain boundaries, a novel model for precipitation at grain boundaries is used [35].
A default grain size of 50 µm is used in all simulations unless stated otherwise.
Thus, the grain sizes used in the simulations are only estimated values.

Number 3 (m=0.3, T=750℃ V=0.5 mm/sec) shows the maximum load of the Z-axis.
Number 1 (m=0.1, T=750℃, V=0.5mm/sec) shows the maximum effective strain.
Number 2 (m=0.2, T=750℃, V=0.5mm/sec) shows the maximum effective stress.
The increasing temperature reduces effective stress from Number 3, 4, and 5.
Figure 9(b) shows the simulation of the grain boundaries, dislocation density, grain orientation, and grain orientation and grain boundaries simulation of Fig. 9. p1, p2, and p3 of the average grain size were 2.24642, 2.37440, and 2.18039 mm2/mm3, respectively, and p3 produced more detailed grain via the simulation.

Results and Discussion Measurement for Materials with Fine Grains.
The material of the specimen is S45C as a material with fine grains.
(a) Measured diffraction angle (b) Coarse grain going through gauge volume Fig. 4: Strain scanning method of material with coarse grains using 2D detector.
As shown in Fig. 4 (a), the number of diffraction spots obtained was only eight because of the coarse grains.
In the DSTM, the role of the gauge volume is to determine the centre of the crystal grain.

The evolution of the structures with number of ARB cycle was examined and discussed in this investigate. 1.
Physically, a small amount of recrystallization grains were found near grain boundaries and twin grains.
Structure of Mg layer after first cycle contains large-deformation grains, twin grains and recrystallization, fig.3.a.
In addition, the hardness was raised, due to dislocation formed in the grains and grain refinement.
Due to dislocation formed in the grains and grain refinement.

The results showed that the threshold led to a higher number of identified grains with lower mean area and total area fraction than the watershed method.
The grain size can be obtained by drawing a line on the image.
Then, the total number of grains within the line is divided by the length of the line [2].
It is expected a certain difficulty in the selection of a grain, or in this case, all the grains of a phase in the image.
There is a white grain in the center of Figure 6-b, a white line indicates the selected area of the grain using thresholding.

Whether and how many polymer particles will be adsorbed on the cement grain in the polymer-modified cement composites (PCC) is still a question.
In this paper the possibility and the test method of adsorption of polymer particles on the cement grain were reviewed.
Through comparison of Fig.1 and Fig.2, strong adsorption of polymer particles on the cement grain (disappear of the peak in polymer particle size are) and dispersion effect of the latex on the cement paste (shift of the peak in cement grain size area to the side of small particle diameter) can be observed.
This is a useful tool for the investigation of the interaction between the cement grain and admixture.
So no matter what charge shows the cement grain as a whole, which can be detected for example by the zeta potential measurement, the cement grain can absorb both positive and negative charged particles.