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Determining economic viability requires undertaking a detailed examination of the project’s expected cost structure and revenues to evaluate its economic sustainability over time.
The development and testing of next-generation membranes with customized surface chemistries and hierarchical pore structures will be critical for maintaining high water flux and salt rejection under elevated hydraulic pressures.
Thiel, Environmental factors shaping fish fauna structure in a temperate mesotidal estuary: Periodic insights from the Elbe estuary across four decades, Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 318 (2025) 109208. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECSS.2025.109208
Riad, Analyzing life cycle costs and carbon emission reduction of a first offshore wind farm in africa under the climatic conditions of Morocco: Case study, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 139 (2025) 103937. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PCE.2025.103937

Moisture profile within the pavement structure was also determined by dry sampling with a jack hammer.
Effect of asphalt chemistry on antistripping modified asphalt binders.
When they are exposed to asphalt during mixing they disperse rapidly and uniformly throughout the material and form a reinforcing network structure.

The main interest of this study concernong the potential for ASR, is to discuss and compare methods aiming to improve the service life of concrete structures, by: i) selection of good materials; ii) decisions on the appropriate concrete formulation; iii) foreseeing possible problems allowing to plan monitoring and/or the need for adequate intervention as well as the possibility of test improvements.
[26] Chatterji, S., “Chemistry of alkali-silica reaction and testing of aggregates”, Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 27, 2005, 788-795
[30] Rivard, P., Bérubé, M.A., Ollivier, J.P., Ballivy, G., “Decrease of pore solution alkalinity in concrete alkali-silica reaction tests”, Materials and Structures, Vol. 40, 2007, 909-921 [31] Capra, B., Bournazel, J.P., “Modeling of Induced Mechanical Effects of Alkali-Aggregate Reactions“, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 28, No. 2, 1998, 251-260

Next, the weaving process interlaced warp and weft yarns to form the denim fabric, a step that is crucial for determining the fabric's final structure and quality.
Lewin (Ed.), Handbook of Fiber Chemistry, third ed., CRC Press, New York, 2006
Ute, Investigation of the Effects of Hollow Yarn Structure and Woven Fabric Construction on Fabric Performance: Mechanical Properties, The Journal of The Textile Institute 115 (2023) 490-503

The concept of plastics revolves around creating polymer chains, and variations in chemical structures result in different types such as polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC and others.
Biodegradable and bio-based plastics They can either be synthesized from biological starting materials such as sugars, starches, oils, and proteins or made from fossil resources but possess chemical structures that allow biodegradation.
[24] Gururani, Prateek, Bhatnagar, Pooja, Dogra, Priyanka, Joshi, Harish Chandra, Chauhan, P.K., Vlaskin Mikhail S., Joshi, Naveen Chandra, Kurbatova, Anna, Irina, Adarchenko & Kumar Vinod (2023) Bio-based food packaging materials: A sustainable and Holistic approach for cleaner environment- a review, Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 7, 100384

Zhou, “Small structures with big impact: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes enhanced remediation efficiency in hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum L. under cadmium and arsenic stress,” Chemosphere, vol. 276, p. 130130, Aug. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130130
Wang, “Structure variation and puncture resistance of stretched crosslinked polyethylene film: Effects of stretching temperature,” J of Applied Polymer Sci, vol. 136, no. 16, p. 47542, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1002/app.47542
Sheikhi, “Recent advances and challenges in recycling and reusing biomedical materials,” Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, vol. 38, p. 100695, Dec. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cogsc.2022.100695

Asymptotic homogenization replaces the strain in a body with an asymptotic series, which represents the strain in the global composite body as a average strain at the highest structural level plus rapidly varying strains caused by the microstructure levels of the composite. .... 332211  uuuuu   (5) where u is the total displacement, u is the displacement on the most macroscopic level, iu , i = 1,2,… is the displacement at increasingly more microscopic levels, and  is the scale size between adjacent structure levels Inserting this representation of the strain into the differential equations describing the behavior of a deforming solid and solving the resulting equations with a numerical method, such as the finite element method, allows the effective behavior of the global body to be estimated from the known mechanical properties of the constituent phases [2].
Briefly, the dissolved polymer mixed with IO nanoparticles is dispensed into a 3-d structure, layer by layer via pneumatic pressure extruded direct printing.
Maier, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Vol. 63 Issue 3 (2002), p. 449 [12] Y.

In addition, Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were executed to evaluate the crystal structure and purity of nanoparticles. 2.6.
These plane values are very similar to the Miller index of synthesized AgNPs utilizing the chemical method in good compliance with the reports of face-centered cubic structure from JCPDS (Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards).
Fortschritte der Chemie organischer Naturstoffe (Progress in the chemistry of organic natural products), Springer, Vienna, 1991, pp. 83-316

El-Tohamy1,d 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O.
In the current study, the morphological structure of the extracted cellulose specimen was investigated under SEM.
The surface structure of the isolated CNC was investigated under SEM at 20,000x magnification and an accelerating voltage of 15 kV.
The chemical structure of CNC was ascertained through an analysis of FTIR characterization.
According to the morphological analyses, the isolated CNC had a crystalline structure resembling a rode-like structure with length Mean about 507 ± 29 nm and a diameter of 70.02 ± 2 nm.

Ducruet, “Analysis of the structure-properties relationships of different multiphase systems based on plasticized poly (lactic acid),” Journal of Polymers and the Environment, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 362-371, 2011
Robin, “Petro‐based and bio‐based plasticizers: Chemical structures to plasticizing properties,” Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 11-33, 2016