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Search Strategy A structured search was conducted across multiple academic databases including IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Scopus, and Google Scholar.
This thematic framework enabled a structured interpretation of how VR is currently being utilized and what potential it holds for transforming engineering education, especially in resource-constrained environments like those found in many African institutions.
A recent study by Kamińska et al., [28] illustrates the creation of an interactive VR-based training system for students to play with 3D models of actual devices like a washing machine (see Fig. 5) and explore their inner structures, working principles, and elementary physical and mathematical models.
Rehman, “Development and evaluation of immersive VR laboratories of organic chemistry and physics for students education,” Phys Scr, vol. 99, no. 5, p. 056101, May 2024, doi: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad3024

Numerous studies in the field of chemistry and physics have been conducted with the aim of enhancing the adhesion between fillers and polymers [22, 23].
Chemical structure and properties of mTMI.
The AHP commences by establishing a hierarchical structure for the problem at hand and subsequently defining the criteria for evaluating the goals.
After identification of these outcomes and structuring the problem, an assessment is conducted to determine their relative significance in attaining the overarching objective.

The limitations of delivering whole proteins or protein fragments from titanium surface include the risk of 3D structure deformation leading to protein denaturation, protein conjugation and protein-induced immunological reactions [78].
Influence of an Er:YAG laser on the surface structure of titanium implants.
Re-establishment of the atomic composition and the oxide structure of contaminated titanium surfaces by means of carbon dioxide laser and hydrogen peroxide: an in vitro study.
Calcium phosphate coatings: understanding the chemistry and biology and their effective use.

The European Spallation Source (ESS) target, which is currently under construction, is used in tungsten material, and austenitic stainless steel is used as the support material for the structure.
HCM12A steel has a lath-martensitic structure, and carbides are formed on lath boundaries and grain boundaries.
Abiko, Damage Structures and mechanical Properties of High-Purity Fe-9Cr Alloys Irradiated by Neutrons, Materials Transactions, JIM 41 (9) , (2000), pp.1180-1183
Aoto, Evaluation of annealing and double ion beam irradiation by a laser induced and laser-detected surface acoustic wave diagnostic system, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 127, (2016), pp.264-268

Figure 1 shows the general structure of a DSSC.
Fig. 1 General structure of dye-sensitized solar cells Fig. 2 Primary processes in dye-sensitized solar cells Figure 2 illustrates the primary processes that occur in DSSCs.
In the present system, we assume that the geometrical structure of adsorbed sensitizer dyes on the surface is fixed and that the energy distribution ϕsite(E0) due to site heterogeneity is also fixed.
Although the shift in ECB might be induced by the intercalation of Li ions into TiO2 lattices and by the adsorption of tBP molecules on TiO2 surfaces, the role of these additives has not been fully elucidated in terms of the physical chemistry involved.

Above a temperature of 1380 °C, the cubic structure of the pure zirconia becomes stable.
Such volume changes can eventually lead to a creation of cracks within the ZrO2 structure.
The t-YSZ structure, however, is metastable below ≈ 1000 °C temperature, where it may coexist with the monoclinic (m-YSZ) one.
Kandyba, Structure and surface characterization of ZrO2-Y2O3-Cr2O3 system, Appl.
Kröger, Chemistry of Imperfect Crystals, Vol. 2, first ed., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1974

In Fig. 14, the untreated host soil has a predominantly disoriented structure, clay platelets are more or less parallel and stacked, and the general sample appears to be flocculated with micropores mostly 1-2 μm wide.
This soil has a transformed texture compared to the host untreated MS; it is densely packed and has an aggregated-flocculated structure.
Gaucheron, Effects of pH and Ca/P molar ratio on the quantity and crystalline structure of calcium phosphates obtained from aqueous solutions.
A Bender, Synthesis, crystal chemistry and stability of ettringite, a material with potential applications in hazardous waste immobilization.

The magnetic behavior of an MNP is dependent on the shape and size of the particle, as well as its chemical composition and crystal structure [1-3].
Therefore, to achieve a reliably repeatable magnetic response to an external stimulus, and thus a reliable technology, the particles must have a monodispersed size and shape distribution, plus a consistent chemistry and crystallinity.
Ulman, Formation and Structure of Self-Assembled Monolayers, Chem.
Schwertman, The iron oxides : structure, properties, reactions, occurences and uses, 2nd ed. ed, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim :, 2003

The study [32] provides data on the technology for hydrogen purification using an electrode in a ceramic hydrogen pump with a multilayer structure.
This parameter represents the number of interstitial sites in the metal matrix structure available for hydrogen rooting, assigned to metal atoms.
It is necessary to note an important circumstance: the initial crystal structure of the IMC in most cases does not differ from the structure of the metal matrix in the hydride phases of the «IMC–H» systems in the region of disordered α-, β-phases.
[48] Aasadnia, M., Mehrpooya, M., Ghorbani, B., A novel integrated structure for hydrogen purification using the cryogenic method.
Journal physical chemistry. 56 2 (1982) 463–465