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In this paper, the following fundamental assumptions have been adopted: (1)Material is elastic-plastic hardening material, and in plane isomorphism and isomerism in thickness direction
The shape of cap-shape after springback in different material and different blank-holder force are respectively shown in (a), (b) and (c) of Fig.7.
Li.: Journal of Plasticity Engineering, Vol. 14(2007), p.32-35
Masami: Journal of the Japan Society for Technology of Plasticity, Vol. 34(1993), p.345-351
Computational Materials Science, Vol. 38(2007), p. 707-715

Surface Engineering of Metal Oxide Photoelectrodes for Improved Band Alignment in Solar Water Splitting Cells Soong Leong Sim1, Yeru Liu1, Ying Woan Soon1, 2 and James Robert Jennings1, * 1Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Negara Brunei Darussalam BE1410 2Centre for Advanced Material and Energy Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Negara Brunei Darussalam BE1410 Keywords: solar water splitting; photoelectrochemistry; surface engineering; TiO2; lithium-ion modification Abstract.
A great deal of research is focused on the identification, design, and evaluation of materials for use as photoelectrodes in PEC cells.
At minimum, candidate materials must possess an optical band gap that is narrow enough to absorb solar radiation, but wide enough to provide sufficient driving force for the oxygen and hydrogen evolving reactions (OER and HER, respectively) [2].
Experimental Section Materials.
Grätzel, Dye-sensitized Solar Cells, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C-Photochemistry Reviews 4 (2003) 145-153

Study on Improved Grinding Process of Sapphire with LED Substrate Material in Manufacturing Engineering Hai Zhou 1,a, Xiaoming Xu 1,2,b, Zhiguo Zhuo 1,2,c, Yue Zang 1,3,d, Louxi Xu 1,e, Huan Feng 1,f (1 Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, China) (2 Changzhou University, Changzhou , 213164 ,China) (3 Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang , 212013 ,China) azhouhai@ycit.cn, b43293257@qq.com,c375194103@qq.com, dzangyueaifangtong@163.com, e54341242@qq.com, f641538135@qq.com Keywords: Sapphire, Robber pad grinding, TTV, BOW Abstract: Method for grinding by adding rubber pad between LED sapphire substrate and ceramic supporting is proposed though the ANSYS finite element analysis, which obtains high flatness of the surface of a substrate efficiently.
Introduction The sapphire substrate is in the lighting industry in the most widely used LED substrate material, having excellent optical properties, mechanical properties and stable chemical properties [1,2], its precision machining technology, which mainly includes: slicing, grinding or grinding, chemical mechanical polishing, cleaning process.
Acknowledgment Project is supported by Natural science foundation of Jiangsu Province (No.BK2008197), Industrialization of scientific research promotion projects of colleges in Jiangsu Province (No.JH10-X048) and Qing Lan project in Jiangsu Province.
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2005,45 (10) :1140-1151
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture,2008,48: 1297-1307.

In this paper, the feasibility of improving the phytoremediation efficiency of contaminated soils by amending with nano-materials is also discussed.
In the past few years, the application of nano-scale materials in remediating polluted soils has gained even more attention.
TEM image of RGO-nZVI Pot Experiment Experimental Materials and Methods.
Five treatments (Fig. 5) were set up in this experiment which include a control designated as CK without adding nano materials and four treatments designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 for each type of adding nano-scale amendments of nZVI, GO and RGO-nZVI.
Offeman, "Preparation of graphitic oxide," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 80, pp. 1339-1339, 1958

Materials and Methods Materials and reagents.
Journal of Molecular Structure. 30(2001) 341-346
Journal of Polyhedron. 12(2006)1-9
Journal of Harbin University of Commerce (Natural Sciences Edition). 21(2005) 93-95(in Chinese) [6] Suyun Gao, Sitie Pan, Kangquan Guo.
Food Science. 24 (2003) 117-120(in Chinese) [7] Qingling Xu, Lei Yan.

Bamboo grows faster than other renewable natural materials.
However, this kind of composite material is not composed of 100% natural materials because plastic is usually used as its matrix to bind the natural fibers.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by the High Technology Research Project at the “Research and Development Center for Advanced Composite Materials” of Doshisha University and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.
Chabba, Composites get greener, Materials Today Vol. 6, No. 4 (2003) 22-29 [3] X.
Takura, The manufacture and Mechanical Properties of Composite Board Made from Starch-Based Biodegradable Plastic and Bamboo Powder, The Society of Materials Science Vol. 52, No. 4 (2003) 357-361 [5] P.

Acknowledgements We hereby acknowledged the numerous support of Mr Alo (Department of Material Science and Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University Ife, Ife, Nigeria) during materials testing.
The Influence of Informal Sector, Journal of Sustainable Development, 3(4) (2010) 268-276
[16] Nigerian Standard, Nst 65-Mn: Raw Materials and Specifications for Federal Government Steel Companies, 1st Edition, (1994)
Olatunde, Challenges of Producing Quality Construction Steel Bars in West Africa: Case Study of Nigeria Steel Industry, Journal of Mineral & Materials Characterization & Engineering 8 (2009) 283-292
Adom-Asamoah, Strength and Ductility Characteristics of Reinforcing Steel Bars Milled from Scrap Metals, Material and Design Journal, 23 (2002) 537-545

Materials and Experimental Procedure The cyclic behaviour of the following four steels used for automobile connecting rods was investigated.
Acknowledgements Financial support was supplied by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
Castex, “Fatigue Limits Prediction of Surface Treated Materials”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.172 (2006), p.381
Braham,” High Cycle Fatigue Behavior Prediction of Shot Peened Parts”, International Journal of Fatigue, Vol.26 (2004), p.1053
Scholtes, “Residual Stresses and Fatigue of Metallic Materials”, Residual Stresses - Measurement, Calculation and Evaluation, DGM, Informationsgesellschaft Verlag, Oberursel, 1991, p.157.

Untreated wastewater generally contains high levels of organic materials with numerous pathogenic microorganisms, trace heavy metals, nutrients and toxic compounds.
Materials and Methods 1.
Materials/Instruments The materials/instruments used for the purpose of this research are as follows: weighing balance, gas chromatography, pH meter, thermometer, Gas analyzer, desiccators, crucibles, oven, gas collectors and biogas burner fabricated locally for checking gas flammability. 3.
Health and the Environment Journal 2012; 3(2): 1-9
Journal of Environmental Management, 90: 2488–2493

The surface metallization of aramid fiber is good for improving its value, and then enhance the application in the composite materials field.
Experiment Experimental material and equipment Material: Aramid fiber, and the fineness 1.37dtex, breaking strength 29.17 cN, and breaking elongation 5.38%.
Newton, C.W.M.Yuen, et al: Textile Research Journal, Vol. 76(2008), p.57-65 [4]Bi Hui, Zhao Qingxin, Wu Haiwei: Material Leader, Vol.22(2008), p. 71-76
[7]Yitong Wang, Ye Li, Jianjun Chen, et al: Journal of Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Vol. 23(2006), p. 392-389, in Chinese
Journal of silk, Vol.50(2005), p. 21-23 , in Chinese