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A variety of materials, using various deposition techniques, has been tried for this purpose [1-3].
Among these various materials, zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the prominent oxide semiconductors suitable for photovoltaic applications because of its high electrical conductivity and optical transmittance in the visible region of the solar spectrum [4].
References [1] K.L.Chopra, S.Major, D.K.Pandya: Thin Solid Films, 1983, 102, 1 [2] D.J.Goyal, C.Agashe, M.G.Takwale, B.R.Marathe, V.G.Bhide: Journal of Materials Science, 1992, 27, 4705 [3] S.Major, S.Kumar, M.Bhatnagar, K.L.Chopra: Applied Physics Letters, 1986, 49 ,384 [4] A.Sanchez-Juarez, A.Tiburcio-Silver, A.Ortiz: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1998, 52, 301 [5] Y.Chen, D.M.Bagnall, H.Foh, K.Park, K.Hiraga, Z.Zhu, T.Yao: Journal of Applied Physics, 1998, 84, 3912 [6] E.Jeff, Nause: III-Vs Review, 1999, 12, 28 [7] Y.Chen, D.M.Bagnall, T.Yao: Materials Science and Engineering B, 2000, 75, 190 [8] Y.C.Kong, D.P.Yu, B.Zhang, W.Fang, S.Q.Feng: Applied Physics Letters, 2001, 78, 407 [9] R.Menner, B.Dimmler, R.H.Maunch, H.W.Shock: Journal of Crystal Growth, 1988, 86,/906 [10] C.Y.Lee, Y.K.Su, S.L.Chen: Journal of Crystal Growth, 1989, 96, 785 [11] A.Sarkar, S.Chaudhuri, A.K.Pal: Physica Status Solidi A, 1990, 119, K21 [12] J.B.Yoo, A.L.Fahrenbruch,
R.H.Bube: Journal of Applied Physics, 1990, 68, 4694 [13] Y.Natsume, H.Sakata, T.Hirayama, H.Yanigida: Journal of Applied Physics, 1992, 72, 4203 [14] M.Ruth, J.Tuttle, J.Goral, R.Noufi: Journal of Crystal Growth, 1989, 96, 363 [15] A.Ortiz, C.Falcony, J.Hernandez, M.Garcia, J.C.Alonso: Thin Solid Films, 1997, 293, 103 [16] A.Maldonado, R.Asomoza, J.Canetas-Ortega, E.P.Zironi, R.Hernandez, R.Patino, O.SolorzaFeria: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1999, 57, 331 [17] S.A.Studenikin, M.Cocivera, W.Kelner, H.Pascher: Journal of Luminescence, 2000, 91, 223 [18] M.de la, L.Olvera, A.Maldonado, R.Asomoza, O.Solorza, D.R.Acosta: Thin Solid Films, 2001, 394, 242 [19] B.Godbole, N.Badera, S.B.Shrivastava, V.Ganesan and D.Jain: Surface Review and Letters, 2007, 14[6], 1 [20] B.Elidrissi, M.Addou, M.Regragui, C.Monty, A.Bougrine, A.Kachouane: Thin Solid Films, 2000, 379, 23 [21] N.Fathy, M.Ichimura: Journal of Crystal Growth, 2006, 286, 445 [22] H.K.Yadav, K.Shreenivas
, V.Gupta: Journal of Applied Physics, 2006, 99, 083507

Analysis of a Material Life Model Huang Chao1,a*, Yan Guoyi2,b 1School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, P.R.China 1College of Mathematics and Statistics, Central China Normal University, P.R.China 2School of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Technology, P.R.
Survival analysis, can be used to estimate the durability life of the material structure.
Finally, a parameter estimation of the material life model is obtained.
Introduction Uncertainty due to random environment and material properties, material structure durability life is random, and the distribution function is completely unknown.
C., Analysis of accelerated hazard model, Journal of the American Statistical Association vol. 95(2000), 608-618

Brittle failure of rock materials test results and constitutive models.
Proc. of IUMAM Symposium on Fracture of Brittle, Disordered Materials, Edited by Baker and Karihaloo, 1993:391-405 [7] Yale, D.P.
Materials and Structures (RILEM), 1983, 16: 155~177
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2000,4:307-314 [13] Sitharam Thallak, Leo Rothenbury & Maurice Dusseault.
Rock mechanics as a multidisciplinary science Roegiers(ed.), 1991, Balkema Rotterdam, Proceedings of the 32nd U.S.

Effect of Initial Curing Conditions on Thaumasite Form of Sulfate Attack of Cement based Materials Changhui YANG1,a , Xiaobin XIANG1,b,Benwan LIU1,c,Jing ZHANG2,d 1College of Materials Science and Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China 2Zheng Yuan Engineering Quality Detection Limited Company, Chongqing 400023, China aychh@cqu.edu.cn, bxiangxiaobin1127@126.com ccoolstar000001@sina.com, dzhangjing_548@163.com Keywords: initial curing condition; cement; thaumasite; sulfate attack Abstract.
The effects of initial high humid air-curing, standard water-curing and sealed-curing on thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA) of cement based materials were studied.
The chemical compositions of materials were listed in Table1.
Table1 Chemical compositions of materials used/wt.% Material SiO2 Al2O3 CaO Fe2O3 MgO SO3 R2O IL Clinker 21.85 4.77 62.70 3.29 0.87 2.87 1.17 2.05 Limestone powder 0.19 - 54.37 0.39 - - - 42.05 Mix proportions of cement pastes in the experiment were shown in Table2.
[13] S J Barnett, C D Adam, R W Jacksion: Journal of materials science, 2000, (35):4109~4114

Integrated Phase-Field and Machine Learning Study of Microstructure Evolution During Interface-Controlled Spinodal Decomposition Owais Ahmad∗†a, Rakesh Maurya†b, Rajdip Mukherjeec, Somnath Bhowmickd Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India a*owaisah@iitk.ac.in, brakeshm22@iitk.ac.in, crajdipm@iitk.ac.in, dbsomnath@iitk.ac.in Keywords: Phase-field Model, interface mobility, machine learning, autoencoder, ConvLSTM, microstructure, spinodal decomposition.
This study leverages artificial intelligence (AI) to advance materials science, focusing on microstructural evolution in binary alloys during spinodal decomposition.
The innovative use of an Autoencoder- ConvLSTM model enables precise, low-error microstructural transformation predictions, demonstrating AI’s potential in materials science research.
Materials science is no exception to this trend, with a burgeoning research focus on employing AI for accelerated discoveries.
Hilliard, “Free energy of a nonuniform system. i. interfacial free energy,” The Journal of chemical physics, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 258–267, 1958

This technology has shown the capability to fabricate microfluidic devices from polymer materials in different and complex designs [2].
Workpiece materials were Polycarbonate (PC) and Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as a major demand for microfluidic chip application.
Experiments were performed on PC and PMMA materials.
Yoshioka: Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 329 (2007), p. 577-582 [6] K.
Shibahara: Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 407-408 (2009), p. 351-354

Numerical computation of complex stress intensity factors of interface cracks in bi-materials based on photoelastic theory Pengcheng Li1,a and Bangcheng Yang1,b 1Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China alipengcheng@kmust.edu.cn, byangbc5@163.com Keywords: complex stress intensity factor; interface crack; bi-materials; K domain; photoelastic isochromatic fringe.
In 2001 and 2012，Christina Bjerken et al.[4] and Nao-Aki Noda et al.[5] have been calculated stress intensity factors for interface cracks in bi-materials by FEM.
In this research, we made photoelastic model with an interface crack in bi-materials by epoxy material and have carried out the photoelastic experiments.
Substituting ψ into the following equations and adding a non-singular items σ0, (2) We get (3) (4) (5) In which (6) (7) In the above formulas, G1 and G2 are the shear modulus of elasticity of the two materials; μ1 and μ2 are the Poisson's ratio of the two materials.
Last, we have made into the photoelastic specimen of the bi-materials with the interface crack by the slicing, grinding and other processes.

The traditional methods of fitness consulting are confined to medical and hygienic science, which can not meet the requirements of development in modern society.
Introduction In modern society, scientific technologies progress with each passing day, and the people's standard of material and cultural life gets higher and higher.
[6] Fengling Xie, Study on Sport Prescription in National Physique Inspection System, Journal of Hebei Institute of Physical Education, Vol. 18, No. 3, 95-97, 2004
[9] Ye Tian and Yifan Lu, Physical Fitness Guidelines for Chinese People, CHINA SPORT SCIENCE, Vol. 30, No. 2, 3-10, 2010
Lin, Working set selection using the second order information for training SVM, Journal of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 6, 1889-1918, 2005

The Probability Distribution Modeling of Surface Heat Flux Density on Metal Material Chengzhi Yang 1, a, Li Zhou 2,b 1 Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China 2 Huaneng Renewables Corporation Limited, Beijing, China a yangchengzhi_614@yahoo.com.cn, b 1183589197@qq.com Keywords: Surface heat flux density; Probability distribution; Metal material; Energy saving Abstract.
Introduction Based on thermodynamic relations between the heating temperature of metal material and its heat flux density, the 3D surface heat flux density model of metal material is raised.
This model can reflect real surface heat flux density change of metal material.
Obviously the principle can extend and apply to all process of heating metal material.
Journal of Engineering for Thermal Energy and Power, 2006, 21 (1): 35-38

Engineering data which includes the materials for chassis was assigned.
Specification of the materials used for simulation are tabulated in Table 1 and 2.
Kanagaraj, Modal Analysis of Chassis Using CAE Prediction, International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering. 7(11) (2021) 40-43. https://ijste.org/Article.php?
Vishwakarma, Design & Analysis of Truck Chassis Frame using CAE Tools, International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science. 3(9) (2021) 756-761.
Chang, Development of a CAD/CAE/CAM system for a robot manipulator, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 140 (2003) 100–104. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00695-2 [9] H.