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Al-Khatat and A.
El Menzhi, and A.
El Menzhi, and A.
El Menzhi, and A.
El Menzhi, and A.

Whereas the high Al concentration in C-Mn-Si-Al or C-Mn-Al TRIP steels leads to increasing of carbon content in retained austenite (R.A.), thereby stabilizes the R.A.
It can be seen in Fig. 1 that the α+γ dual phase region expands into higher temperature with increasing the Al content from zero to 1.5wt%Al.
Effects of Al Content on Bainite Transformation.
Table 1 Mechanical properties of the TRIP 600 (averaged) No YS [MPa] UTS [MPa] EL [%] UTS×EL [MPa·%] I.A.
Rong, et al., Mater.

A second model was reported by various groups [7-9] that was based on the SSF expansion being driven by long-range stresses within the diode structure, however, the results of Ha et al. clearly disproved this notion [10].
In their rebuttal of this second driving force model, Ha et al. [10] went on stating that the driving force could be dependent upon a presumed thermodynamic favorability of the 3C-SiC polytype of the SSFs in comparison to the native 4H-SiC lattice, thereby favoring SSF formation.
However, recently, Caldwell et al. [11-13] and Miyanagi et al. [14] demonstrated that SSFs contract when the affected diodes or epilayers are annealed at relatively low temperatures (400-700 0C), this clearly illustrating that the 3C-SiC SSFs are not thermodynamically favorable.
This was verified by subsequent IV measurements, as well as by comparing EL images collected before and after the various IV traces.
EL images of D30R collected following saturation of the fV drift at 300C and 2470C are presented in c) and d), respectively.

[18] Kang I, Schulz MJ, Lee JW, Choi GR, Jung JY, Choi JB, et al.
El-Hami, H.
El-Hami, M.
El-Hami, H.
Abo Al-kheer, A.

However, to improve the WC strength and toughness, Sherif El-Eskandarany et al. [2] added a Co binder to the cemented carbide; however, on the other hand, this process decreased the hardness and wear resistance and limited the corrosion resistance of the cemented carbide [2].
To improve this limitation, Sherif El-Eskandarany [3,4] used a nonmetal binder (MgO, TiC, and Al2O3) to improve the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite WC material; Imasato et al. proved that the smaller diameter for WC grains, the higher hardness and strength, while Kim et al. showed that the rapid sintering improves the hardness and fracture toughness.
Sherif El-Eskandarany, A.
Sherif El-Eskandarany, and A.
Sherif El-Eskandarany, Mechanical solid state mixing for synthesizing of SiCp/Al nanocomposites, J. of Alloys Comp., 279 (1998) pp. 263-271

EL-Shimy, M.
EL-Shimy, H.
Al-Mostafa, M.
El-Shimy, N.
El-Shimy, and A.

Roth, W.H. et al[2] compared the one-dimensional spring model and the elastic-plastic soil model, and found the limitation of one-dimensional spring model.
Scott M. et al[3] put Loma Prieta earthquake waves and Northridge earthquake waves with different strengths on two typical high-pile wharfs and observed that the batter pile bears greater horizontal force than vertical pile, and the displacement of the wharf without batter piles increases 30%.
Compare to El-Centro and T2-II-1, the maximum displacement and accelerations along the model are the largest under T1-II-1 seismic wave.
And when the peak acceleration is 400Gal, the maximum displacement and acceleration of 7m wharf under T1-II-1 increase 38% and 27% compare to El-Centro wave.
Table 3 The maximum flexural moments of piles of 7m wharf [kN·m] Different pile 70Gal 400Gal El-Centro T1-II-1 T2-II-1 El-Centro T1-II-1 T2-II-1 Pile1 108.60 127.40 113.46 471.30 662.42 638.29 Pile2 169.40 219.02 204.35 800.40 1043.68 1032.00 Pile3 181.00 244.20 228.31 855.90 1060.36 1045.83 In Table 3, among the three seismic waves, the wharf suffers the largest flexural moments under far-fault seismic wave(T1-II-1), the structural flexural moments under T1-II-1are larger than that under El-Centro wave, and the increase rate could even reach 40%.

El-Nahass, K.F.
Abd-El-Rahman, A.A.M.
El-Nahass, H.M.
El-Nahass, K.F.
Abd-El-Rahman, “Investigation of electrical conductivity in Schottky-barrier based on nickel phthalocyanine thin fims”, J.

Recently, Speer et al. [1,2] proposed a heat treatment process for producing martensitic steel: quenching and partitioning (Q&P) process.
However, in the Q&P process, the formation of carbides are prevented by adding the element Si or Al, and thus the strength potential has not yet been fully excavated.
The sample subjected to TRIP process shows the best EL (about 17%) and the lowest Rm (only about 1200MPa).
For the sample after Q&T treatment, its Rm is near to 2000MPa, but the El is lower than 10%.
Moreover, because of its higher volume fraction of RA, the EL is higher than that of Q&T sample.

The density of EL at 25oC is 1.008 g/cm3.
Cloud point of EL is -5oC and flow point is -13oC [16].
Song et al. [26] used mesoporous carbon spheres containing arylsulphonic groups as esterification catalysts, reaching EL yield close to 100% (m/m).
Quantitative analysis of EL by gas chromatography showed that the purity of EL separated using simple distillation is 96.87%.
For 90 minutes the obtained EL yield was 67% (m/m).