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The quality of ductile iron increases with the number of the graphite spheroids.
The quality of ductile iron increases with the number of the graphite spheroids.
This model treats a given number of polycrystalline grains having different lattice orientations.
The calculations are based on the modelling of the processes which occur inside and between grains.
As the result, the internal stresses for grains of different orientations and for the whole sample are predicted.

Grain size in brass scatters from 10 to 200 µm.
The increase of number of various facets roughly correlates with decreasing grain size.
Lead separates the brass grains one from another.
In case of twin GBs each 3 rd lattice site of a grain 1 coincides with a lattice site of a grain 2, and Σ = 3.
It can be seen that the numbers are rather similar.

Fine lath martensite was obtained by the “zero time holding” quenching due to the smaller austenitic crystal grain and the uneven distribution of the carbon concentration in austenitic crystal grain.
Therefore, grains are fine and grain boundary area increases.
Especially when heating temperature at 940℃, the austenitic grains grow up obviously.
Austenitic grains become coarse gradually if grain growth speed V increases.
Microstructure analysis shows that a small number of ferrite exist in the sample quenched 860℃.

The grain size decreased with increasing strain rates at 750k. 1.
The microstructure consists of elongated grains with serrations developed in the grain boundaries and newly formed equiaxed grains of different sizes, indicating dynamic recrystallizatioin (DRC) occurred during hot compression deformation at strain rate of 0.01s-1 (Fig3(a)).
The coarsening of precipitation phases at grain boundary could pin the grain boundary, and prevent it from fast migration, so both the newly formed recrystallized grain and old grain would not grow very fast.
That is why the grain size decreased with increasing temperature at 750k.
Acknowledgement It is a project supported by natural science foundation of shanxi province China (project number: 2009011028-1; 2011011021-1).

The model of abrasive grain’s wear.
Abrasive grains move at a constant speed.
Fig.3 The relationship between grinding force and surface roughness The reduction of surface roughness is directly related to the number of active grains Ng and the shape of the grains.
Under these conditions, abrasive grains are worn quickly or can be extracted from the bonding phase which may decrease the number of real active grains Ng.
New grains are involved in grinding.

These boundaries correspond to high-angle grain boundaries.
The area fraction of Cube oriented grains was largest when the area fraction of recrystallized grains reached 100 % in each alloy.
Therefore, Therefore, the <0 0 1> grains shown in Fig. 9 are considered to recover more easily and grow more preferentially than other grains.
Cube oriented {0 0 1}<1 0 0> grains in aluminum alloys is considered to be able to grow preferentially similarly to <0 0 1>grains.
In　MZ alloy homogeneized at 590 ℃, the number of recrystallized grains immediately after the deformation is smaller than M alloy.

The performance of a TiO2 photocatalyst is strongly dependent on a number of other structural factors such as crystal phase as well as grain forms and the degree of crystallinity of the TiO2 particles [5].
The solvents have affected the forms and sizes of the grains in the samples.
This process can influence the grain to growing up.
Different solvents affected on the grain size and morphology of samples.
This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 103.02-2011.12.

A number of methods have been developed to find more effective ways for recycling this byproduct, such as producing fermented feed, soy sauce, vinegar, activated carbon, organic fertilizer, microbial oils, biodegradable plastics, ethanol and biodiesel[3-7].
Youngmi Kim[13] et al. reports a complete compositional analysis on distiller's grains as well as a simulation of modified dry grind processes with recycle of distillers’ grains.
Dien[14] et al. conducts a study about enzyme characterization for hydrolysis of ammonia fiber explosion and liquid hot-water pretreated distillers’ grains.
Gried distillers’ grains with solubles after pretreatment are also evaluated for fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce ethanol.
a. waste distillers grains(WDG)(×2000) b. waste distillers grains(WDG) (×1000) c. acid hydrolysis residues (×2000) d. acid hydrolysis residues (1000) Fig.5.

Microcracks propagation is evidently impeded by grain boundaries at low stress level and high stress ratio.
Detailed test procedures (stress level and stress ratio) and number of specimens are shown in the Table 2.
Microcracks slow down or stop near grain boundaries.The fact that microcracks have difficulty in traversing grain boundaries means that the crack plane has some favorable orientation with respect to the slip plane.
Microcrack propagation was clearly affected by the orientation of grains.
(4) Microcracks slow down or stop near grain boundaries.

The deformed state of the region of interest (Fig. 1) contains a number of interesting features related to the texture evolution taking place.
From inspection of the EBSD maps the grains of the <1120> fibre appear more stable in that they contain less evidence of orientation change than the grains of the <1010>fibre.
Not only have these grains rotated by a larger degree but also the GAM of the <1010> grains (Fig. 4) appears to be greater too.
With a greater degree of distortion the grains of the <1010> fibre could become preferred locations for Fig. 4 Grain Average Misorientation (GAM) angle distributions for grains of (red) and (blue) fibres after 10% strain.
Conclusions -Prismatic slip dominates deformation in most grains.